Final Project- Scarlett Beard and Audrey Porter

In the podcast, "Thrones of Egypt: Unveiling Female Sovereignty," the hosts Audrey Porter and Scarlet Beard explore the lives of Cleopatra and Hatshepsut, two remarkable women who shaped ancient Egypt. They aim to challenge stereotypes of female leadership and highlight the important roles women have played in history. Cleopatra was a skilled political strategist who formed alliances with powerful Romans to strengthen Egypt's position. Hatshepsut, in a male-dominated world, expanded trade and led construction projects. The hosts compare Cleopatra and Hatshepsut's leadership styles to other female leaders throughout history, emphasizing their lasting impact and contributions. They discuss the books "When Women Ruled the World" by Kara Cooney and "A Companion to Gender History" by Theresa A. Mead and Mary E. Wiesner-Hanks, which provide insights into the political and cultural context of ancient Egypt. The hosts also highlight Cleopatra's use of diplomacy and strategic communication to n Hi everyone, I'm Audrey Porter. And I'm Scarlet Beard. And we welcome you to Thrones of Egypt, Unveiling Female Sovereignty. We're thrilled to be your guides as we embark on a journey through time and explore the lives of two remarkable women who shaped ancient Egypt, Cleopatra and Hatshepsut. So before we delve into their captivating stories, let's get a picture of the vibrant world they inhabited. Ancient Egypt was a place where tradition mingled with innovation and societal norms We're as fluid as the waters of the Nile. So join us as we uncover the lives of Cleopatra and Hatshepsut, whose reigns spanned across different realms in African history, yet resonate with timeless relevance today. So to understand the enduring impact of Cleopatra and Hatshepsut's reigns, we must first grasp the societal attitudes towards women in positions of power during their time. In our podcast, as we examine the reigns of Cleopatra and Hatshepsut, we aim to dismantle the stereotypical views of female leadership and shine a spotlight on their substantial roles that women have played throughout history, particularly in Africa, and in this case, Egypt. So by analyzing their leadership strategies, the challenges they overcame, and their notable achievements, we seek to provide a deeper, more nuanced perspective on gender dynamics in ancient Egypt and also the broader context of history. So starting with Cleopatra, we often only know her for her romantic ties, but she was actually a very skilled political strategist. Her relationships with powerful Romans were a strategic move to strengthen Egypt's position in a complex geopolitical scene. Meanwhile, Hatshepsut, who became pharaoh in a very male-dominated world, didn't just hold on to her power. She also expanded trade and launched major construction projects, leading to a prosperous period during her rule. Yeah, I always hear about at least Scarlet Cleopatra as just sort of this physical figure, like I know a bunch of people would dress up as her for Halloween, but nobody actually knew the political power that she held as a female that was so ahead of her time. Yeah, I feel like also growing up, the first thing I think about is, you know, Elizabeth Taylor playing her in the movie Cleopatra, and it's almost like she's being represented as this, you know, sexualized figure. Right, so by focusing on how these women navigated their path to power, how they sustained their role amidst opposition, and also their lasting impact of policies and initiatives, we're able to highlight their adeptness not only as rulers but as visionary leaders whose influences resonate beyond their lifetime. And our goal is to underscore the enduring relevance of Cleopatra and Hatshepsut's legacies, demonstrating the diverse and dynamic roles women have played in shaping the course of human civilization. Through this exploration, we challenge current perceptions and celebrate the rich yet often overlooked contributions of women in history. Drawing from sources like When Women Ruled the World by Kara Cooney and A Companion to Gender History by Teresa A. Mead and Mary E. Wiesner-Hanks, we gain insight into the political, social, and cultural context of ancient Egypt. These texts offer a lens through which we can analyze the gender dynamics that shaped Cleopatra and Hatshepsut's leadership. And additionally, primary sources like Buttark's Life of Antony provide valuable glimpses into Cleopatra's reign, which offer us a closer look at her leadership style and the challenges she faced in a male-dominated world. Okay, so now let's turn our attention to Cleopatra, the last pharaoh of Egypt. Through sources like Shannon A. Bowen's work on Cleopatra's leadership style, we gain deeper insights into her diplomatic attitude and strategic communication tactics. So let's delve a bit deeper into Cleopatra's strategic approaches, particularly how she leveraged her diplomatic skills. So drawing from Shannon A. Bowen's analysis in Finding Strategic Communication and Diverse Leadership in the Ancient World, the Case of Queen Cleopatra, we get a clear picture of her approach. So Bowen specifically points out that, in quote, Cleopatra adeptly used her intelligence and charisma to form pivotal political alliances and communicate effectively across diverse cultures. So this quote underscores Cleopatra's use of diplomacy and her ability to navigate these complex political terrains of her era. She wasn't just maintaining power in Egypt, but she was actively shaping the geopolitical landscape around the Mediterranean. Her alliances with figures like Julius Caesar and later Mark Antony weren't mere relationships of romance, like they were often portrayed, but they were actually calculated political moves that aimed to stabilize and also strengthen her reign amidst external and internal pressures. So analyzing this, we see Cleopatra's method wasn't only about direct control, but also about creating a narrative and a presence that transcended the borders of Egypt. It's a testament to her understanding that power is often wielded not just through force, but through the strategic connections and the narratives one can craft and control. Cleopatra's reign wasn't just a chapter in Egyptian history, but it was a transformative era marked by cultural exchange, economic prosperity, and political stability. By forging alliances with influential figures like Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, Cleopatra ensured Egypt's prominence in this world stage. So because we are focusing so much on female leadership, I think it is very important that we compare the rulings of Cleopatra and Hatshepsut both with each other, but also with the rulings of other female figures across different cultures and historical periods. So given its broad scope, the book A Companion to Gender History by Theresa A. Mead and Mary E. Weisner Hanks can help us to do this. So to start off, the book mentions several European queens, such as Elizabeth I of England and Catherine the Great of Russia, who both, like Cleopatra, used their personal relationships and political alliances to strengthen their countries' positions internationally. So Elizabeth, for instance, skillfully managed marriage proposals and relationships to navigate the complexities within European politics without ever marrying, which parallels to Cleopatra's alliances with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Another example could be Empress Wu Zetian of China. Like Hatshepsut, she rose to power in a society dominated by men. She ruled as the only female emperor from 690 to 705 AD. Both leaders used smart strategies to legitimize their rule. Wu embraced Buddhism to strengthen her position, while Hatshepsut used traditional pharaonic symbols and built impressive temples to showcase her right to be a pharaoh. So this discussion also extends to modern times, comparing leaders like Gandhi, who was the first and only female prime minister of India, or Golda Meir of Israel. Their leadership in predominantly male-dominated societies, I think, provides a modern parallel to these ancient scenarios of Cleopatra and Hatshepsut, which shows the continuity and the change in the challenges and strategies of female leaders. You know, Scarlett, diving into Cuny's book, When Women Ruled the World, Six Queens of Egypt, it gives us some really interesting perspectives on Cleopatra and Hatshepsut's leadership. Completely. I mean, take Cleopatra, for instance. Cuny really emphasizes how Cleopatra's strategic alliances with powerful Roman figures were key to preserving Egypt's independence during a time of Roman expansion. Yeah, definitely. And also, let's not forget Hatshepsut. Cuny points out how her ambitious building projects, like the construction of the magnificent mortuary temple of Hatshepsut, wasn't just for show, but it was also to make political statements that acted as a way to sort of solidify her authority. Right. And also, what's fascinating is how Cuny draws parallels between Cleopatra, Hatshepsut, and other queens in the book. She shows us that these women weren't just passive rulers. They were actively shaping the course of Egyptian history. I completely agree. And I think her book challenges that notion that women in power were sort of just figureheads. And instead, she really highlights how they were savvy leaders who used, I mean, politics, religion, and also a lot of public work to maintain their role and also promote prosperity for their communities. Now let's turn our attention to just Cleopatra specifically, the last pharaoh of Egypt, and how she rose to power. She's a figure often mythologized in history and pop culture alike. But beyond the myths, she was a leader with astute political and diplomatic skills. So born into the Ptolemaic dynasty in 69 BC, Cleopatra ascended to power in a period full of internal and external pressures. Allying with Rome was her strategic choice to stabilize and elevate Egypt's status on the world stage. Right. And back to what we discussed in podcast segment one, Alex Shannon, A. Bowen's analysis highlights how Cleopatra adeptly managed these alliances, again, with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony. Bowen notes, quote, Cleopatra's political acumen was evident in her ability to forge and maintain these alliances, which were crucial for her reign. So her relationship with these Roman leaders was far more strategic than romantic. Through these alliances, she secured military and economic support for Egypt, which ensured the nation's prosperity amidst growing Roman influence, which had the potential to threaten Egypt's prosperity. And Plutarch adds another layer to our understanding. He writes, quote, her own beauty was not that incomparable type that immediately captivates the beholder. But the charm of her presence was irresistible, end of quote. It suggests her intelligence and charisma were her true powers. That's a really crucial point, Scarlett. I think illustrates how Cleopatra used her personality and intellect more than her physical beauty to navigate the political complexities of her time. And it also just sort of highlights, again, the idea that physical beauty would be more important than intellect or political power. Right. And despite the patriarchal barriers of her era, she made a significant impact on Roman politics. Bowen's work sheds light on how Roman literature often portrayed Cleopatra, both vilified and admired, reflecting the Romans' elite's mixed feelings towards a powerful woman leader. Eventually, her reign, however, came to an end in 30 BC, following her defeat alongside Antony by Octavian. So this marked not just the end of her life, but also the end of the pharaonic era, which had Egypt transition into the hands of the Roman Empire. Yet her legacy as a powerful female leader continues to provoke discussion and admiration. Her ability to maintain sovereignty under immense pressure remains a testament to her leadership. I also think this is a testament to female leadership in a more broad scope as well, not only with just Cleopatra, but female leaders all over the world, like we discussed before. Okay, so now we will focus on Hatshepsut, and we will now explore her rise to power and the strategy she employed to legitimize her rule. So sources like Hatshepsut by Margot Baum and Susanna Thomas provide us with a very comprehensive sort of overview of her life and reign. And also sheds light on a lot of her accomplishments. Through our analysis of Hatshepsut's leadership, we uncover a narrative of female empowerment and resilience, highlighting the diverse contributions of women in shaping the course of human history. So first, we're going to talk a little bit about her upbringing. So the source that provides insight into Hatshepsut's upbringing is called Hatshepsut, His Majesty Herself by Catherine M. Andronic. So she was born into royalty and was the daughter of Pharaoh Thutmose I and Queen Amos. So her upbringing in the royal court, I think, provided her with a really strong foundation in these Egyptian traditions and politics, and also prepares her for her eventual ascent to power later on in her life. So how did Hatshepsut come to power? So she ascended to power in the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt following the death of her husband Thutmose II. Her stepson, Thutmose III, was too young to rule, so Hatshepsut took on the role of regent. Eventually, she declared herself pharaoh-breaking with tradition as a female ruler in a predominantly male-dominated society. Her reign is often characterized by this remarkable transition from queen to pharaoh. I really agree that it's remarkable. It just leaves me to think about in our own society in the 21st century in America, which is supposed to be super progressive. We still have yet to even have a female president. And so I just find that all of these years ago, the fact that Hatshepsut was able to claim this power is just really impactful and shows how well she was able to navigate that political landscape in a society that was obviously predominantly male. So despite facing opposition due to her gender, she skillfully navigated the political challenges to consolidate her rule and also maintain stability within the kingdom. So even though Hatshepsut's reign occurred during a period of relative stability in ancient Egypt, she capitalized on this stability and implemented her vision for the kingdom, which included a strong emphasis on religion. So through her patronage of temples and religious ceremonies, she strengthened her rule and also fostered a sense of divine legitimacy as a ruler. Journeys through the lives and legacies of two of Egypt's most formidable female leaders, Cleopatra and Hatshepsut. And what a journey it's been. Through the lens of history, we've seen how both queens navigated the intricacies of power in a predominantly male-dominated world, each using unique strategies to solidify their rule and influence. Specifically, we highlighted how Cleopatra's alliances with figures like Julius Caesar and Mark Antony were meticulously crafted for political leverage, far beyond the romantic tales often told. Shandanae Bowen's analysis helps us to appreciate Cleopatra's strategic communication, which was pivotal in maintaining her power and Egypt's sovereignty. On the other hand, Hatshepsut's reign was marked by her monumental building projects and the establishment of trade routes that not only secured economic prosperity, but also legitimized her claim to the throne in the eyes of her people and the gods. These specific strategies underline a key takeaway. Leadership knows no gender. Both Cleopatra and Hatshepsut exemplify this, demonstrating that effective leadership relies on strategic thinking, diplomatic skill, and the audacity to defy societal norms. And perhaps most importantly, their stories remind us of the often overlooked but crucial roles women have played in shaping history. As we've explored today, their impacts were not just confined to the stance that Egypt felt across the ancient world and continue to inspire even today. So, as we conclude, remember that history is not just about the past. It's a mirror reflecting the challenges and triumphs of humanity. Cleopatra and Hatshepsut are not just figures to be admired. They are beacons that guide us in understanding the complex narrative of human civilization. Thank you for joining us on Thrones of Egypt. We hope today's episode, Nali and Lain, would also inspire you to look beyond the mist and see the power of leadership through a broader lens. Until next time, keep exploring, keep questioning, and keep the echoes of Egypt alive in your hearts and mind.