BibalPodcast

The speaker and their friend are in a podcast room at Cal State Fullerton. They discuss research and literature review. They talk about how to formulate a research question and the different types of questions, such as descriptive, explanatory, predictive, prescriptive, and normative. They also explain what a literature review is and how it differs from a book review. I think it's edited out, right? Oh, yeah. Mic test. Mic test. Boom, the clap. Boom, boom. OK. OK, let me see. That's all you? Wait. I don't want to stop it. Oh, right here, here. Are you recording? Yeah. Oh, shit. Wait. Mic test. Good? Testing, yeah. Testing. OK. I'm nervous. What do I do? I don't know what to do. Should we just include this? It's OK. OK. Hello. Hi. My name is Nadine Rubal, and I'm currently a second year studying PoliSci at UCR. And this is my final project for PoliSci 114L, or the MSIRA program. Would you like to introduce yourself? Yes. I am Nadine's friend. My name is Shekinah Kalindis. I am an art major at Cal State Fullerton. Nice. And where are we right now? Podcast room, Cal State Fullerton. The plug. The plug. We sound very professional right now because of this really cool setup. So I want to thank you. Of course. Of course. She got me. Thank Tuffy. That's the mascot here. Thank you, Tuffy. Thank you, Tuffy. All right. So today, I want to start off. We're going to talk about research and literature review. But I want to ask you first, what do you know about research? Since you're an arts major, what do you know? I don't know too much about research or literature review. We don't usually do that in the art department. We do mainly projects whenever it is research. It's not very much like we just look at scholarly sources, I guess. I guess that's all I know. Very, very similar with articles and stuff. Yes, there are. Okay, that's interesting. All right, let's get started. Tell me more. I'll tell you more. All right, so what is a research question? What do you think a research question is? I think a research question is something that is basically what the topic is about, in a way. Okay, yeah. Say you have a topic that you want to learn about. You ask a question about it, and then you research it. Okay, yeah, that's perfect. That's exactly what it is, but I'll just get more into it. It's one that has significance for a topic, like you said, or issue relating to the subject of a matter of our field. It has to be researchable, and one of the requirements is it can't be answered yet. Interesting. Like at all? Yeah, at all. Obviously, you don't want to do a research about something that- Has an answer already. Yeah, so it's like an ongoing thing. Oh, interesting. Yeah. Okay, so where do research questions come from? Research questions come from observations of problems and events from our real world, and it can also come from literature or politics, social science, and usually the best questions are the ones directly relevant to solving the problem that you want to- Solve. Yeah, basically. So that's where research questions come from. Okay, okay. Now we're going to talk about how to formulate a researchable question. Have you ever heard about the research phase? Never. Okay, you know what a research phase looks like. Okay, no. A vase. You know what a vase looks like. Yes. Okay, perfect. So, you know, it's like I'm showing her the picture right now. You guys just can't see it. It looks like this. Okay, yeah. It's a regular vase. Yeah, so like the opening, and then it gets kind of narrow in the middle. Something I draw. Yeah. Oh, yeah, that's you. That's me. And then, yeah, it's really narrow in the middle, and then opens up again at the end. So this is actually a tool that researchers use to formulate a researchable question. It's more like a visual representation. It can, yeah, you can see it on the right side over here. So there's three sections. Like I said, it's the top, the middle, and the bottom. So it's like a, so it'll help you kind of, we're going to edit this out. Okay, let me pause. Hold up. We're going to edit this out. I don't know why, but we're going to edit it out. Okay. Let's see. Let me see. Okay, anyways. Okay, so the top of the research phase represents the broad and the larger questions. So like the main topic, like the broad one, right? Let's say, pick a topic. Any. Any topic. Any. Yeah, any. Like any. Any. It doesn't have to be policy-related. Okay, let's do, can it be a person? Yeah. Okay, so the artist, right? So let's just say just him in general. Or maybe we could just do like, when was he born? Like the artist in that era, you know? Wherever, whenever he was active. That's like the broader sense, you know? Like you take just one thing. Yeah, yeah. So just him. So you know, like you have that in mind. So that's the top. And then now you're going to go to the narrow part of the vase, which is the middle. And it's going to be more of a specific question about him. So you just think of that. And it's a question that's researchable. And lastly, the bottom, which opens up again. And that reflects on the conclusions of the research contributions to understanding of your topic. So again, let's go back to the vase. So you can see here. So that's the top. And then the middle gets, yeah. And then at the end. It opens back up. Your conclusion, like, okay. What did I learn? So it's like broad. And then you get more detail. You research. And then you open back it up. Yeah. Okay, that makes sense. Okay, perfect. All right, now we are going to talk about the type of questions. There are five types of questions. There's descriptive, explanatory, predictive, prescriptive, and normative. I feel like we've learned about this in, like, middle school, high school. It sounds really familiar, right? Honestly, no. Oh, damn. Because for me, I've actually never heard the five types. Oh, really? If you describe them, I probably will know. But I just didn't know, like, the names. Okay, yeah. Yeah, probably. Okay, yeah. So we're actually going to talk about each one of them. Okay, perfect. And we'll talk about the first one, which is going to be descriptive. So descriptive questions is, from the word itself, describing how something works or behaves. It's the characteristics of something. And then what's an example of descriptive questions? Descriptive questions. Let's see. What? I'm just going to fucking do it. How something works? Yeah. Okay, wait. Descriptive, like, who is Vincent van Gogh? Oh. Yeah. So like that. Or, like, what is, why is, how is, and that. The next one would be explanatory questions. It explains which variables are connected to the outcome. It explains, like, all causes of something. Or it shows the relationship and connection. So an example would be, yeah, it would be, like, the why or the how questions. Why did he die? How? How did he die? The variables. Yeah. Yeah. The variables. Okay, okay. And then next one is predictive. Predictive questions, it involves, like, the likely effect or the outcome of something. So, like, future outcome, current condition. Pretty easy. Yeah. Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. Edit that shit out. Future me. Prescriptive questions are, they're questions that ask, what should we do? Or what is the right thing to do? Let's say, let's see here, what's a, fuck. We have to do this again. At least now you know what to say. No, exactly. I don't mind, I don't mind, I don't mind. Okay, thank you. I'm having fun doing this shit. No, me too. I don't mind. No, because I was going to say at the end we could do our own. No, I was going to say. It's like the what should be or what would be type of questions. Mm-hmm. Yeah. Like, oh, should I, what should I draw today? Like, you've asked me that before. Mm-hmm. In projects. Yeah. What should I do for this specific project? Yeah. Okay. Mm-hmm. So, like, for example, for this one, I was like, oh, should I do a podcast? Mm-hmm. And you were like, yeah. Okay. Lastly, we have normative questions. They are concerned with identifying what is the best, just right, or preferable solution to your question or to the question that you're solving. Mm-hmm. So, for these types of questions, you know, there's like five. Mm-hmm. Do certain topics fit, like, the question better than others? Like, for example, like, is there certain topics that people do for descriptive versus normative that wouldn't work? Yeah. So, that's why it's important to learn, like, what type of question, like, what do you want to know? Mm-hmm. Yeah. So, does it start from, like, say you pick a topic, and then you're like, oh, like, what kind of question? Yeah, yeah. Okay. So, you pick the topic, and then you're like, okay, what do I want to know about this topic? Mm-hmm. And then that kind of helps you with the narrow part of the vase, which where you're getting specific about what you really want to learn. That makes sense. Mm-hmm. This shit was out of my ass, bro. Me do the question, bro. All right. All right. We are going to move on to a different type of topic. It is going to be literature review. Have you ever heard anything about this before? I've heard of it because you've mentioned it here and there, but I honestly have no idea. Like, you got to explain it to me. Okay. Yeah. To be honest, I was not familiar with this at all when my professors at UCR, or Professor Brooks, mentioned this. Okay. So, the definition of, what is it? What is literature review? It is an overview of the previously published works on your specific topic. Oh. Yeah. Yes. Okay. Also, it's like, say when you're looking for journals or sources, you kind of review the literature. Yeah. Yeah. So, it's going to help you more on your topic and question, or your research question. Mm-hmm. But I just wanted to say, too, it is important to note that literature review and a book review is not the same. Okay, cool. Because when you first said it, I was thinking about it. Yeah, you were thinking about it. I was like, oh, book review. Cool. Me, too. When Professor Brooks, that's my professor, by the way, when she first talked about this, I was like, oh, it sounds, or when I read the readings first, I was like, this sounds like a book review, or like a summary, right? Mm-hmm. But there was actually like a, there was a section where it explains that it is not a book review. Yeah. I was like, okay, that helps. Because, you know, there is a difference. A book review mostly summarizes the book. Right. While a literature review surveys articles, books, and other sources. Mm-hmm. Yeah. Okay, that makes sense. Mm-hmm. Yeah. So, literature review actually has a dual function. It demonstrates that your question is researchable by explaining why a definitive answer does not yet exist. Another thing is that it prepares the ground for the elaboration of your argument. So, obviously, looking at other people's work about that topic that you want to research, or it will help you kind of set up your own. Right. Yeah. And the purpose of a literature review is to, sorry, I had to shut up. What the fuck? What am I writing, Ro? Purpose of a literature review is to discuss a particular topic. Okay. Run it back. Run it back. Run it back. The purpose of a literature review, there's three purposes, actually. First thing is it identifies new ways to explain previous research. So, obviously, you're bringing in new knowledge, and so you're able to help the other researchers that has already researched about this topic. Mm-hmm. And it can also describe. Dude. Okay. Another purpose of a literature review is to describe the relationship between each work of a topic. So, let's say you found three articles, three books. Okay, what do they have in common? What do they know now? And what do you know now? Right. And then, secondly, lastly, it points way to further research. So, that's like a more, it's just like the other two. It helps you a lot for your further research, too. So, okay, so you got the topic. Does the literature review come before you form your research question, or does the research question come first? Research question comes first. Oh. Because that's how you're able to. Kind of like find the common. Mm-hmm. Okay, okay, that makes sense. Yeah. Maybe you can do a little bit of research beforehand, before forming the question, but as soon as you make that question, then. Yeah, as soon as you make that question, do a literature review about your topic, your research question, and then it's going to, like I said, point you to further research. Right. All right, now there are three stages in development of a literature review. Okay. There will be reading, summarizing, and setting. Reading, first you have reading, which is you read the literature. You approach the literature analytically, and then you summarize the literature that directly addresses your question. And lastly, after those two, reading and summarizing, you're able to set up your own argument in which you're ready to write a discussion of your review. You're ready to write a literature review. Like, oh, you ask yourself, what else needs to be done? What else do I need? And then we have the five basic steps in the development of a literature review. Nope, we're editing that out. Now we're going to talk about the five basic steps for writing a literature review. What do you think the steps are? For writing a literature review? Let's see, what do you think the first step is? Okay, so literature review, you got all your sources, right? And so you basically write about it. I think the first step would probably be what do these sources have in common, I guess. Okay, that's pretty good. We're actually going to step back a little bit more. Okay. Oh, I jumped ahead. Yeah, you kind of jumped ahead a little bit, but it's all good. That's still part of it. The first step is actually just identifying your topic. So it's part of it. So identify your topic, defining what you want to know, your question. Oh, that's where it comes into play. That's where it comes into play. And then secondly, now you conduct your research. You search up other people's work, articles, books, anything, any type of sources that you can get. And then third step would be you're reading all those research, and then you're taking notes, summarizing them. Like what am I learning? Which ones are important? Which one am I going to use? And then fourth, that's where you organize all your notes. You're like, okay, this is what's important. This is what I'm going to write about. Yeah. And then, like you said, connecting them. Yeah. What's the connection? That's going to help too. And lastly, you're going to write your literature review. Yeah. So that's the five basic steps. Cool. And now what is a good literature review? A good literature review is one where the material is thoroughly processed and that your own voice and opinions are clear and maintained throughout the whole review. So it's not just you summarizing other people's work. You put what you think too, your opinion. Like, yes, of course, you can use, like, quotes. Sorry. I need to breathe. I know. I was, like, talking too much. Okay. Whatever. Benefits of a literature review. It helps readers understand what is already known about a topic, about your research question. And obviously, most importantly, they help set the stage for new research. Basically for you. Yeah. What knowledge are you going to bring for that type of research? And, yeah. What's cool is I feel like with a literature review, say, like, you voice your own opinions, right, while backing it up from your sources. Yes. I think it's cool that other people can read that and then, like you said, it could expand the research more. Yes. That's cool. Very helpful. How do you think? Very different from arts. Very different. Because, like, obviously with Poli Sci, you guys do more of, like, research, like, opinions, scholarly sources. For us, I mean, we do, quote, research, but it's not to that extent. Yeah. Like, there's no, like, variables. I mean, you can find art articles talking about that sort of research, but most of the time it's not like that. Yeah. So it's really different. Really interesting, though. That's good. Yeah. More thorough, huh? Yeah, because when you were talking about the vase, I was like, okay, I can see it. Yeah. I can visualize it. You can visualize it, right? Yeah. It's supposed to help you visualize, like, okay, this is what is my topic. Now I want to go more specific. What do I want to know? And now, like, okay. How often do you guys do literature reviews? I actually have not done any yet. It was just introduced to us. It was very interesting. Cool. But they did give us examples of literature reviews. That's really cool. Yeah. What kind of topics do you guys do? There's a lot, actually, that me. Damn. I'm actually curious. You got me there. You got me there. Got him. You got me there. Okay, hold on. Let me see. Should we review? I feel like we should. Yeah. Now we know what to say. Yeah, let me write shit down. No, yeah. Let me say it, bro. My questions were, yeah. I was like, man, you eating me up. My fault, bro. I'm actually curious. That was good, though. Thank you. Thank you. It's playing a part. Don't leave. Don't leave your best friend. Got you, bro. Should I stop it? Yeah, just stop it. It's just, yeah. Okay. We got it. Damn, I can't believe that was fucking 20 minutes. I was low-key worried. I was like, damn, what if it doesn't reach 10? Fuck, yeah, 23, bro. We could, yeah, forever. Okay. Is it recording? Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. So, today, the topic that I will be teaching you or talking to you about is how to frame a research question and conduct a literature review. So, what do you know about research questions or research in general? What do you know? Well, as an art student, we don't really do research papers a lot. If we do, it'd be based on, like, art history. Okay. Yeah, that makes sense. Mm-hmm. But when we do that, I know when it comes to research, you have to search up, like, scholarly articles, journals. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. That's exactly it. So, what is a research question? Just like how you said, it is one that has significance for a topic or issue relating to the subject or matter of our field. It has to be researchable and has not yet been answered. We're going to edit this out a little bit. Sorry. So, these definitions are also the requirements of a research question. Obviously, when you want to research about something, you want something that hasn't been answered. Kind of like open-ended. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Exactly. Because, obviously, what are you doing researching about something that's already been answered? Yeah. There's no point. Yeah. Yeah. So, and then, now, where do research questions come from? So, there's actually three. There's observations, literature, and relevance. So, research questions actually comes from our observations of events or problems with the real world. Secondly, it comes from literature of politics and social sciences, obviously. Right. And I just wanted to say that the best questions are the ones that are specifically or directly relevant to solving the problems that you're going to ask. Yeah. So, now, we're going to talk about the research vase. So, obviously, you know what a vase looks like. Yes, of course. I'm showing her a picture right now. And you guys know what a vase looks like, too. So, a research vase, this is a visual representation of how to formulate a researchable question. So, you know what a vase looks like. So, it's, you got the top, and then, in the middle, it gets kind of narrow. And then, it goes, it's kind of fat, I guess, at the bottom. Yeah. So, you can see that it's divided in three sections, which is the top, middle, and bottom. Right. So, we're going to go into detail about each one of the sections. So, the top of the vase, it's going to represent the broad and larger question that you have in mind. So, let's say, what, is there any questions that, or any topic that you have in mind? It doesn't have to be politics-related, just anything. Could it be, like, art-related? Yeah. Like, anything? Of course. Let's do graphic design. Okay. Yeah. So, let's just say, this is graphic design in general. Yeah. So, you have that in mind. Yeah. So, that's the top, right? So, that's the broad. Like, the first idea. Yeah. The first idea, the broad topic. And then, we're going to move on to the middle, which is the narrow part of the vase. It represents a more specific question, or it's a question that is researchable. So, about graphic design. What about it? What specifically do you want to know about it? So, when you go deeper into the vase and you ask the question, it could be based on either your observation or even, like, literature you've read. Yeah. Anything. Okay. So, let's say, okay, we have graphic design for broad. Yes. Okay. Let's go narrow. How about we do, like, the ethics of it? Okay. Yeah. Or maybe, like, AI versus graphic design. Yeah. Okay. So, let's say either, like, with AI getting more popular now, how does that affect? Graphic design. Yeah. Exactly. Because that's something that is a major topic right now. Oh, I did not know that. Yeah. That's very interesting. Okay. But that's a very good, yeah, it's a very good example. And so, lastly, we have the bottom. So, you know, like I said, the top is very broad. Right. And then it gets very narrow, just like the vase. And then now it goes back to kind of being broad again. Right. It opens back up. Yes. It opens back up. But now it reflects on the conclusion of the research contribution to the understanding of the topic that you chose. Right. So, it's kind of like, okay, now, after researching everything, what do you know? What did you learn? Yeah. I thought it opened back up. Interesting. Yeah. So, now that you have a research question, let's see what type of question that is. So, there's actually five different types of questions. Did not know that. Lucky me, too. So, there's five, which is going to be descriptive, explanatory, predictive, prescriptive, and normative. Wow. I know. A lot of options. A lot of options. Have you heard of any of those? No. Damn. I've never heard of the specific classification. Yeah. You know these questions, you just probably don't know the names. Yeah. Like the terms. Yeah, the terms. Okay, perfect. So, we can start off with descriptive. Okay. So, descriptive questions are, they are describing how something works or behaves. They're describing the characteristics of something. So, you're basically asking, like, oh, who, what, when. You know, like, oh, who is what? Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Now we have explanatory. So, it explains which variables are connected to the outcome. So, it's the how question. The causes of something. It shows the relationship and the connection between those variables. Right. So, we have the third one, which is predictive. Which is like, it talks about, it involves the likely effect or the outcome of something. So, it can be like, oh, in two years, how popular do you think AI will be? Yeah. Oh, interesting. Something like that. Yeah. Now we have prescriptive questions, which they are questions about, like, oh, what should we do? Or what is the right thing to do? Like, I'd say kind of a loosely example is like, oh, what type of project should I do for, you know, or what type of medium should I choose for this project? Which is what I. What you have to do. Yeah. Should I do a podcast? Or should I draw something? Right. Yeah. Cool. Something like that. Normative is, it has to do with identifying what is the best or, what is the best, just, or right, or preferable solution to that question that you're asking. So, that's, yeah. So, going back to that question about, what was it? It was. Oh, the AI and graphic design? Yeah. So, I would say that's kind of a. Well, I feel like with that topic, you can pick any of these questions in a way. That's true. I feel like with, I was thinking about it. I'm like, maybe predictive would be good, because it's like, how would AI affect the graphic design industry in so, so years? That's true. Yeah. It can be anything, but. So, say you pick your topic, right? You're starting at the top, the broad, right? Yeah. Is it, depending on the five different types of questions, do some topics do better with certain questions? Yeah. Yeah? So, let's, okay, we'll do the AI and graphic design. Yeah. Which one do you think? I thought it could be descriptive. That would be good, too. Yeah. But then it can be other ones, too. Mm-hmm. Because you are trying to talk about its effect. Mm-hmm. So, it could be predictive, too. Isn't there a question that says, like, the causes, too? Yeah, which is explanatory. Mm-hmm. So, it could be those three. It could be anything. Yeah, but at least you kind of narrow it down with which types. That's cool. I didn't know about the different types of questions. Mm-hmm. I think it helps thinking about each one, so then you can form, like. Yeah, yeah, yeah. It helps you with your research, definitely. Mm-hmm. Because you're like, okay, this is what type of questions I'm asking. Right. This is what type of answers I'm looking for. Mm-hmm. Yeah. That's cool. Yeah. So, now we're going to talk about literature review. Have you ever heard about it? I heard of it, but I don't really know what it means. Yeah. Like, I think of a book. Oh, yeah. Okay. Actually, I'll get to that, actually. Okay. Okay. So, what is literature review? It is an overview of the previously published works on your specific topic. Mm-hmm. So, what people have already written about it. Yeah. Okay. So, you're looking over articles, books, anything, any type of sources. That would be about, like, let's say, graphic design or AI, right? So, would these sources be, like, other people's opinions, too? Yeah. Okay. So, it's other people's work about that topic. And I just wanted to let you know that literature review and book review are not the same. Okay. Yeah. The more you explain, I'm like, okay, it's not what I initially thought. Yeah. But there is a difference. I thought so, too. I was like, oh, wait, that's like literature. Yeah. Shakespeare. Yeah, no. So, because, you know, you know how book review works. It's mostly summarizing the book, right? Mm-hmm. But with literature review, it surveys these sources. Right. It surveys articles, books, right? So, yeah. I just wanted to get that out, too. Good to know. Now I know. So, there's actually a dual function of literature review. It demonstrates that your question is researchable. And it does this by explaining why a definitive answer does not yet exist. And then, secondly, it prepares the ground for the elaboration of your own argument. So, it helps you in the long run. Right. For your research. Because obviously, you're getting other people's opinions. You're getting more knowledge about the research that you want to talk about. And then, from there, you can form your own opinion, too, and write about it. Yes. Okay. Okay. Okay. So, now we're going to talk about the purpose of a literature review. So, there's actually three purposes. We have identifying, describing relationships, and about further research. Mm-hmm. First purpose is that it identifies new ways to explain previous research. Mm-hmm. And, secondly, it describes the relationship between the works that you read. Obviously, there's going to be different articles written by different authors, different researchers. And, you know, like, okay, what do they know? Right. What do they have in common? Mm-hmm. Or, like, well, okay, what does this person say what this person don't agree with? Mm-hmm. Anything like that. You kind of see, like, both sides, in a way. Mm-hmm. Yeah. And, lastly, which is the most important one, I think, is it points the way to further research. Mm-hmm. Yeah. And so, there are three stages in the development of a literature review, which is reading, summarizing, and setting. Obviously, our first step is reading the literature. Mm-hmm. You approach the literature analytically, and then you summarize the literature that directly addresses your question. Right. And, obviously, when you all have that information now, you're able to set up for your own argument, and you're ready to write. So, when you summarize it, it's more objective, right? Mm-hmm. And then, when you get the information, then you can say your own opinion. Yes. Okay. That's cool, because then people can read your stuff, and then they can form their own. Yeah. Yeah. That is basically the whole point, right? Yeah. And now we're going to learn about the five basic steps for writing a literature review. Okay. What do you think the first step is? Does it go back to the base? Yeah. Yeah? It does, yeah. Find the topic. Yeah. Okay. Okay. You got that shit right. You got it right. First step is actually identifying your topic first, defining it. Right. And, like I said, first I would say, you define yours, which is graphic design. That's the first step. And now the second step is conducting research about that. So, you're trying to find, okay, what is it? Mm-hmm. What else? We're going to edit this out. Sorry. Like, what is it? Maybe, like, issues surrounding it? Like, ethics, maybe? Mm-hmm. Yeah. Yeah. So, just anything about that topic. Okay. Conducting research. Mm-hmm. And, obviously, when you conduct research, you take notes. Mm-hmm. You take what is important to you. For the topic. Yeah. Other people's opinions, the author's opinions about that. And, yeah, you're taking notes. And, fourth, you're organizing these notes. Okay. So, you have all these notes. Which one helps you a lot? Which one is important for your research? Mm-hmm. And, obviously, when you have all that, it sets you up for writing your literature review. Oh. Wow. Mm-hmm. The more you know now. Wait, so, in the literature review, is it good to address, like, say, someone with disagreeing opinions, too? Yeah. That's actually, it helps your research, too. It helps your argument. Right. Because, obviously, you want to address all the opposing sides. And then get into yours. Yes. And it strengthens your argument more. Cool. Yeah. And, now, what is a good literature review? Mm-hmm. A good literature review is, obviously, where your review is thoroughly processed. And it's not just what you read. You're not just summarizing it. It's not a book review. And you're incorporating your own voice. And your own opinions are clear and maintained throughout the whole review. Right. Yeah. So, it's not just like, okay, this article that I read, this author said this, this author talks about. Yeah. It can't just be that. You also have to state your opinion. Mm-hmm. It has to be clear. Yes. Yes. And the benefits of a literature review is that it helps readers understand what is already known about a topic. Mm-hmm. And it helps – I've said this three times already – it helps set the stage for new research on the topic. Mm-hmm. Set up for further researchers. Right. Yeah. So, that's a literature review and how to frame a research question. Cool. Thanks for teaching me. Mm-hmm. Yeah. We're going to edit this. Ask me about what type of question. Okay. Okay. You're good. You're good. What kind of – like, what are some examples of some, like, topics or questions that you, as a poli-sci major, like, do? That's actually one of our weekly assignments. And one of the questions that I've already told them that interests me is about terrorism. Mm-hmm. Which I actually have it right here. It's what role does radicalization through the Internet play in the United States' domestic terrorism process? Interesting. Yeah. So, it's how do social media kind of affect the terrorism? Mm-hmm. And so, with that question, you're, like – you have to conduct, like, a research – like, literature review from that or, like, conduct your own research? Yeah. So, I haven't done much research, but obviously, if I do, first thing I will do is what type of content is there on social media? Like, how much do people see that are, like, you know, radicalized content? Right. That will, you know, will affect other people to think about terrorism. Mm-hmm. Interesting. Yeah. So, that's one of the questions. Mm-hmm. Yeah. That's it. Cool. Yeah. Yeah. Thank you for – Okay. Oh, my God. Okay. Thank you for being here. Thank you for teaching me. Of course. Thank you so much. And – All right. Bye. Thank you. Thank you. I'll see you soon. Okay. Okay. That was way better, though. That was good. Sorry. And I blinked out. No, it's okay. I blinked out. It's okay. It's okay. It's okay. It's okay. It's okay. It's okay. It's okay. It's okay. It's okay. I blinked out so many times. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye.