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Thursday’s evening programme ‘The Great Outdoors’ with Breandan O’Scannaill. Broadcast Thursday the 25th Of April 2024
Details
Thursday’s evening programme ‘The Great Outdoors’ with Breandan O’Scannaill. Broadcast Thursday the 25th Of April 2024
Comment
Thursday’s evening programme ‘The Great Outdoors’ with Breandan O’Scannaill. Broadcast Thursday the 25th Of April 2024
This program is sponsored by Galway Rural Development and focuses on environmental and climate sustainability. They discuss various topics such as the Corn Crake Life Project, Burnham in Blue celebration, Love Your Coast Photography Competition, lambing season, and an art event. They also talk about the migration of corn crakes from Africa to Ireland and the efforts to increase their numbers. Listeners are encouraged to report any sightings of corn crakes to help with conservation efforts. The program works with farmers and landowners to create habitats for the birds and offer grants for conservation work. This program is sponsored by Galway Rural Development, Social Inclusion Community Activation Program. Contact 091-574-858. 091-574-858 Welcome to the Great Outdoors here on Connemara Community Radio on 87.8 and 106.1 FM. 091-574-858 Welcome to the Great Outdoors here with me Brendan O'Skill, and as I say we have a very full program as usual. Just to say thanks to Mitch for the great music there, and of course Carmel before that with her pieces as well. So very shortly I'll be speaking with Pat Fitzmaurice who's Community Engagement Officer with the Corn Crake Life Project, who will be talking about corn crakes and what we might be expecting this year. We'll have Pranjali, they have a Communications and Events with Burnham Borough Trust, and she's going to talk about Burnham in Blue, a celebration of biodiversity from the 24th to the 26th of May. We'll have Agnes Santoro, Senior Communications Officer with the Environmental Education Unit from Tashkent, talking about the Love Your Coast Photography Competition. Martin Gavin, our local for Burnham, experts there, will talk about the lambing season and what's going on there, but also the YouGovernment campaign directed towards dog owners, and then at the Arts Lab later on we'll have Sharon Murphy, Project Coordinator, Africa, Mother of All, and about a music and art event taking place at Town Hall Theatre in Galway, and the last part will be classical music, so lots to keep us going along the way, but we're going to go over now to our Eco Sloth. The Eco Sloth on Canamara Community Radio, a weekly programme focusing on environmental and climate sustainability. This programme is co-funded by Commissioning the Man through the Sound and Vision Scheme. Now, on Eco Sloth this evening, I want to talk to Pat Fitzmaurice, a Community Engagement Officer with the Current Quake Life Project, about the current quakes and what's happening there on the scene now. Pat, ta fháilte róis, an seo agat dhí, Rádio Fóbul Canamara, a ríos. Go raibh maith agat a bhfuinlein, d'íoch bhaith. Go raibh maith agat a bhfuinlein, d'íoch bhaith. Pat, tell me a little bit about the current quake, because I suppose at this stage most people have never heard one, and they were familiar, but what's the current quake like, I suppose, and what is life like? Sadly, yes, less and less people have heard the current quake growing up. It's definitely a sound of our youth, particularly for the older generation, but the current quake, it's a small bird, very similar to the black bird inside, a little bit bigger. It's got dark yellow or light brown feathers with black dots on it from its neck down to its tail, and underneath it's a lighter brown feathers. It's an elegant bird, quite elegant, and how it's unique, if you're looking up to see it flying, its two legs are out behind, trailing as it flies along. So at this time of the year, I know growth has been slow, but yet this season so far, but it's starting well now, and the current quake is arriving. It winters, the birds that were born here last year and nested here last year, they actually migrated to the Congo, and are on the way back here now, so they're travelling back 7,000 kilometres, just over 4,000 miles, all the way from the Congo, sub-Saharan deserts, the Mediterranean, Europe, and now arriving back maybe within 3 or 4 kilometres of where it was born. That's an amazing thing, I suppose, to do that. Now, you said earlier that the birds that were born here last year would have gone over to Africa and then coming back again. During their time over in Africa, are they just building up their strength to travel back again, or what's their lifestyle over there like? Yeah, I suppose a lot of people would think that the main rainforest in the country, in the world, is the Amazon rainforest, but actually the Congo has the second biggest rainforest in the world, so just on the savannah grasses outside the rainforest, that's where the concrete winters, and it grazes in the tall grass, feeds itself up and puts on weight on the invertebrates and insects in those grasses, and even those grasses are threatened as well, because, just like in the Amazon, there's deforestation and fires, so the bird is feeding for the winter, that's really it. But it lives in a perpetual summer, it's an ordinary hemisphere in Ireland, it's in summertime and then it goes to the Congo and enjoys a second summer, so it's always summer in the concrete's life. Yeah, now obviously, as you mentioned there, there are changes in work patterns, or not work patterns, but farming patterns and land patterns, but also I suppose that journey is a huge thing, they're obviously up against other birds of prey, other things like that, also hunters and people shooting from all along the way, so it's a pretty fraught journey for them, from Ireland to the Congo and back again. Yeah, there are a number of hazards as it's travelling along, I suppose we like to think about that we're really the assembly line, it's where the birds are produced, so we produce as many birds as we can, and trying to build our capacity, and then as a lot of things outside our control, like there may be some netting in North Africa, predators on the ground in Africa, even crossing the Sahara Desert is very hazardous, particularly if it gets bigger due to global warming, just say if the bird can fly over in three days, if the desert gets bigger and it takes five days, we're not sure what will happen, but there are a lot of issues, but we're very happy with the bird, while it's in Ireland, it's numbers are increasing, it's increasing, and we're happy with that, but we're working as a project, and with farmers and landowners and local communities to increase the habitat for the birds. Yeah, so how many birds did we have last year here in Ireland that we know of? In Ireland, our project, we were the Concrete Life Project, we cover eight project areas covering Donegal, the Bellmuller Peninsula, and West Connemara, and when I speak of West Connemara, we're talking about Thoroughbred Island, maybe in and around Claddagh Dove, Inishbofn, and Olney Island. So last year in the whole of those areas we had 218 birds, and that's calling males, so if the male is calling, we use that as a proxy, and we assume that there's a female within roughly 200-250 metres. She's obviously going to be quiet, not to attract predators, so she'll be very quiet. Now that's 218, but it's still a 35% increase in the past five years, so we're very happy with those figures. They are increasing, but from a very low base. Yeah, but I suppose, I mean, there were other areas of Galway that have had some as well, but they're outside your area, but tell me where other parts that you would find them besides those ones? Yeah, well, Brendan, the numbers in Connemara are good, they're good in Galway last year in 2023. We had eight birds on Olney Island, up from three the previous year in 2022. The numbers on Inishbofn are stable in the mid-teens, and even last year we had a bird on Inishmoor on the Arden Islands, the first time in 20 years. So that's why it's so important that people do hear a bird, that they report it, and then we can take action and work with the local landowners to come up with a plan to collect the bird and give it every opportunity to nest and to bring out a brood of chicks. So I suppose that the thing is that if, you know, obviously the one on the Arden Islands, if nobody's heard it in 20 years, hey, a lot of people didn't even know what it was. But what do people do, or what should they do, if they hear the Corn Creek calling, what's the first step they should do? We have, on our website, on corncreeklife.ie, we have a recording of the bird, if somebody's unsure if they actually heard the bird or not, and then we also have, you can report a Corn Creek to us. We also have a Corn Creek hotline, which is 085-878-4648, that's 085-876-4648. So we're asking the public that if they do hear a Corn Creek, that they report it, because the bird may be calling, and then if it's successful to breed, it actually may go quiet, or if the weather turns cold, it may go quiet. So the person, or people may say, I heard a bird there three weeks ago, but there may not be any birds there now, but in fact, they might be nesting away, breeding, bringing out a clutch. So if we can, if the sooner we're told about a bird, we can work with the landowner. There, we, outside of our areas, we have, we would have funding, our grant schemes, where people would get payments to delay grazing, or delay mowing, or to cut the meadows from the inside out to the centre of the field, out to the outside, to protect the birds. So, so we'd ask them, even if they're not sure, to report it, and we have field officers that go out and check that if the bird is present. And I suppose that's the big thing then, so, I mean, when farmers or landowners do come across a bird in their fields, or in their area, you come out and advise them what to do, but so what are the main things that people really need to do? We, I suppose, part of the success so far has been that we carry out a results-based programme, so the more work the farmer can do, or the landowner can do for the corn quake, creating a habitat, the more money they will get. So we're supposed to be encouraging people to not just produce cattle and sheep, but also produce nature, so the results-based payment scheme that we do is a great example of landowners, nature conservationists, and the wider community working for conservation. So we would work with farmers to create habitats, we would have funding for that, and we would give grants as well. And of course in the old days, the meadows were the big thing for them, I suppose that's where people would associate them with, but of course the meadows were let grow longer in the sense that they weren't cut for silage as they are nowadays, and there wasn't tractors coming in and ripping up the whole place. So is the idea that you kind of go back into the past, or you keep your farm as it would have been beforehand, to keep them healthy? Well, not really. I suppose the facts are that where the language has survived, and traditional farming methods have survived, that's where the corn quake will survive. And the main reason was that the traditional farming methods of cutting meadows later in the year give the border champs the nest to bring out its chicks, whereas if you are cutting silage, the transition from silage to hay was a major contribution to the reduction of corn quake. So, as you know, silage can be cut as early as the first week in May, so the border has no chance of bringing out a nest on it. It may look like a lovely green field and a lovely habitat, but as soon as the weather picks up in May, the meadows may be cut. So people holding off, cutting hay back in May, June or July gives about every chance, and we actually pay farmers to hold off cutting until the 15th of August. That gives the border a better chance of bringing out a second brood, because every brood, every number, is valuable. And I suppose the monoculture type fields that you see in other places, they are of no use for them. Are they? Do they need a fairly diverse cover? Exactly. Your humble nettle plants are a much maligned nettle plant. It's home to 40 different types of invertebrates. And as we were saying earlier, the border is after returning back from Africa 7,000 miles, so it has to feed up and lay 8 to 10 eggs all in a number of weeks, so the rich protein from invertebrates. So the more plants, the more diversification of plants, the more insects you'll have, and therefore you'll have more invertebrates, more protein. So monochrome, neon green fields are often very low in food, food value for insects. You can look at that, all right. Now, I know that you do the main work, I suppose, of dealing with the farmers and the landowners, but you also have a few upcoming events you might tell us about. Yeah, at the moment we're doing our schools program. For anyone, there are quizzes and word searches for young children. It's on our website, so we're working with primary schools between 8 and 12 years of age. That's a curriculum rolling out at the moment. We have a conference, a pan-European conference in Valmolis in early May, where conservationists from all over Europe will be attending, and it will be focused on the corn grape conservation. Now in Valmolis in May and June, the dates will be coming up on our website shortly. We'll have midnight tours, and then we'll have a summer talk at the A.V. Theatre there in Letterfack, the NPWF. My colleagues in Donegal will be on the dawn chorus with Mooney Goes Wild on midnight on Saturday night of the Bank Holiday weekend. On Inis Boffin, we'll have a talk and walk. I will probably be giving that. A talk first at the Dolphin Hotel, followed by a walk. We will visit a happy tatter, and hopefully hear the bird calling. Then Omi Island during Heritage Week. We had a lovely heritage event last year, where people heard about their culture and the heritage of Omi Island, the diet, the fishing, the traditional animals, and we also had corn quake there as well. So that will be part of an event during Heritage Week on Omi Island. OK, so you're a busy man, and a lot of very busy people involved in it. Yeah, particularly at the moment, now that this is the corn quake season, and the bird is coming back, and I suppose people are just listening out for that quaking sound. It's quite loud. It's around 94 decibels, so it's as loud as an ambulance a kilometre away, so they'll have no problem hearing it. It's quite loud and very distinctive. And that's usually at night time they're calling, or is it all the time? Yeah, usually from about 8pm to maybe 2am, 16,000 times a night the bird can call, so it can be fairly distracting, and particularly with outside your bedroom window. People do often complain that it's very noisy outside the window, but they are very fortunate if you do have a corn quake outside your window. Yeah, well I think we'd all like to have it again, even though, as you say, when it was there we used to get very annoyed at it. But anyway, we'd be happy to have it now. Well listen, Pat, it's great talking to you again, and as I say, if people are interested they can get in contact with you just by going online, but just give us that number then again for the people... Yeah, the phone number where you can call or text or send us a WhatsApp message on 085-878-4648. 085-878-4648. OK. Well listen, the best of luck, Pat, and hopefully the numbers will go way up this year, hopefully, and we'll be delighted to talk to you again about it, maybe at the end of the summer, to see how these are going. But thank you so much. Go raibh maith agat, befaithe an seor an chlora nox. You're welcome. OK, so all the best of luck. You're welcome. Now, that's Pat Fitzmaurice there talking to us about the corn quake, and he's the Community Engagement Officer with Corn Quake Life Project, and as he said there, if you want to contact him, you can contact him directly through the Corn Quake Life Project, or that phone number, and we'll give you that later on again. So that's good to hear that. We're going to finish up our Eco Sloth, and then we'll go over to our ads. You've just been listening to the Eco Sloth on Connemara Community Radio, a weekly programme focusing on environmental and climate sustainability. This programme is co-funded by Commissioner Namaan through the Sound and Vision Scheme. Jobspot on Connemara Community Radio. Forum Connemara is currently seeking to fill two positions within the organisation. A Project Support Worker, three days per week, based in Clifton, and an Employer, Liaison and Outreach Officer, four days per week, based in Uchtuward, and that's under the Working Together Agobarlaceala Programme. Both positions are subject to eligibility criteria, so please refer to the job descriptions and criteria information that you can get at the website www.forumconnemara.ie forward slash job opportunities. Please forward a CV with details of which position you are applying for, and send with by the 1st of May at 12 noon to Karen Mannion, CEO, Forum Connemara, Letterfrack, County Galway via post, or you can email info at forumconnemara.ie. For any queries in relation to either position, please contact Forum on 09541116. Jobspot on Connemara Community Radio. Beat the April showers with some retail therapy at Brodericks Electrical Cattle Bar and Westport, or online at broderickselectrical.ie. We have offers on TVs, washing machines, dryers, fridge freezers, dishwashers, and much more throughout April. You'd be a fool not to come in and grab yourself a bargain. And remember, if you can't get to us, just call 09828130 or 0949044735, or buy online at broderickselectrical.ie, and we will deliver direct to you. So make life easy on yourself, and call into Brodericks Electrical Cattle Bar and Westport this April for the best advice and the best price. One thousand acres of history, beauty, and serenity in the heart of Connemara await you this spring at Kilmer Abbey. Fall back in love with the history, enjoy a quiet stroll on the woodland paths, or stop for a moment of quiet reflection in the neogothic church. Trot along to feeding time with the Connemara ponies, and try delicious homemade produce in the Kilmer kitchen. Or shop for some of the best of local and Irish designs in the Kilmer Abbey craft and design shops. Book your visit at kilmerabbey.com. Kilmer Abbey, a story so timeless, it's still being written. We all know the importance of getting fresh fish into our diet. Check out what's on offer at John Joe's Fish Van, situated at the entrance to Connemara Westletter Frack, every Thursday and Friday from 9.30am to 2.30pm. Selling locally caught fish, much of it caught with our own boats. Salmon, hake, cod, sea trout, mackerel, haddock and much more. For more information, orders or requests, please call 087-0555-222 or email joejohn1923 at gmail.com. Joyce's Bar and Grocery recess. Services include grocery, post office, petrol and diesel, lottery agent, bar and live music at the weekends. Bar food daily until 6pm. Sunday lunch specials serve from 12.30 until 6pm. Call Joyce's on 095-346-58 for more information. When I got up this morning, the house was really freezing. I checked the oil tank, it was empty, that must be the reason. So I called up Sweeney Oil, a truly local company, and took my order for some oil and delivered it straight to me. Sweeney Oil are at your service, friendly, helpful and they care. There are many easy ways to pay, now that's what I call fair. They deliver oil to homes all over Galway and Surround. And Sweeney Oil's prices are the very best around. For the best value home heating oil in Galway, call Sweeney Oil today on 1800 555 999 or visit sweeneyoil.ie. Sweeney Oil, the warmer way to heat your home. Well we got a press release in from the Borough View Trust to talk to us about a great event, Borough in Bloom 2024, and I'm delighted once more to welcome Panjali Bahave for communication and events with Borough View Trust to the program. It's great to talk to you again Panjali, you're welcome once more. Thank you very much Brendan, lovely to talk to you again. Yeah, now this great festival, the Borough in Bloom, tell me a little bit about this year's plans for us. Yeah, so I suppose you know and some of your listeners might know Borough in Bloom is an annual festival we host in the Borough to welcome the coming of the lovely wild blooms and all the associated biodiversity this time in the spring. We have kind of expanded over the time. It used to be just a three or four day festival. Since last year we decided to roll it out for a much longer period just in response to the demand we've had. So there are events being organized for every weekend of May this year. There is about four or five events throughout all the four weekends of May and the events include walks and talks and workshops and lots of interesting stuff to celebrate and engage with all aspects of biodiversity that you can find in the Borough. Okay, so it's running, is it just at the weekends that it's going on or are there things during the week as well? There will be possibly one webinar during the week, a weekday evening but all the other events are weekends, Saturday, Sunday and a bank holiday Monday at the start of May but the rest of them are Saturday and Sunday. There is one on a Friday evening which is like a bat walk in the evening in Drumore Woods as well as a dusk chorus walk. So those two walks are on the Friday evenings, a Friday 10th of May and a Friday 17th of May but the rest are Saturday and Sunday. So hopefully that makes it attractive for people travelling from maybe somewhere like Connemara if you would like to travel to the Borough. Yeah, absolutely. Now there is always something to do in the Borough because there are not that many flowers and that's a very fascinating landscape and also very historic. So I presume this gives the background of looking into all the various aspects of the habitats that you would find in the Borough. Oh, I think we can never go too far from the history of farming and archaeology as evidence of the archaeology in the Borough. So a lot of our walks take place in farmland and special areas that are not normally accessible to the public thanks to the farmers and landowners who make their land available for burn and bloom events and many of these farms host very special archaeological monuments on them. But really burn and bloom is all about the focus is on biodiversity in May and so a lot of our specialist leaders, event leaders and walk leaders are going to be focusing on things like butterflies and bats and even taking action for biodiversity. So even if there is something to take away from burn and bloom as well we have the Harris Corner Pond visit where we will be hosting an event not in the Borough but not too far from it in Ennistymon where Salem Harty who is our pond consultant, he will be telling people how to create their own wildlife ponds and we also have an event at a really beautiful garden in Fennore at the Cahar Bridge Garden. You might have seen Carl Wright who is a gardener and ecologist on television but he is going to host a walk on his stunning garden and these two events really showcase what people can do if they have a patch of land or a bit of community area in their own neighbourhood what they can do to welcome biodiversity in their areas. And of course you also take in a bit about the art involved with the Burn College of Art doing a collaboration there to look at marine plastic waste which of course is something we have been talking about a lot. So it kind of covers a lot of things but what is that going to be or how is that going to work? Yeah that is something very interesting we have never done this before so we are lucky to partner with Jacqueline who is from the Burn College of Art and she is doing a PhD there but she is working on an installation like a community installation that is going to be displayed in Brussels as part of a project called Plastic Magnitude. So she has been collecting plastic debris, waste plastic from the beaches in Galway and Clare and I don't know what it is going to look like but apparently there is a process of melting this plastic onto sheet plastic to create ocean based artworks like coral reefs and shadow art. So it is all very intriguing but it is nice that it is all going to feed into a community project that is going to have an international audience. Absolutely, absolutely. So if people are interested in going along to the various events where do they find out all of the different times? Yeah so all they have to do is go to burninbloom.com and you will see the program there, you will see the information on different events and there is a ticket link there. A lot of the events in the May Bank Holiday are free and the events from members of Burn Bureau have had a discounted ticket for early birds sort of tickets but now all the tickets that are available, there are plenty of places available for each of the events by the way where they can find, anyone can find tickets for buying on burninbloom.com. Okay and of course the children under the age of 18 are free as well are they? Yes, all children are free. Yeah which is always great to see that. Now I suppose one of the big things before we finish up, the whole idea of the Winteridge Walk is an amazing thing, the whole idea, I suppose the bird is so special for the cattle going up on the hills and coming back down during the other time of the year. Yes. So this is something that is very special, is that going to take place in one area or is it going to be going around the place to return to Winteridge? Yeah, as you know at the October Bank Holiday weekend we celebrate the cattle going up into the uplands in the Burren as part of the practice of Winteridge. So every October Bank Holiday we choose a different farm in the Burren and that farm actually leads the Winteridge Walk so you know hundreds of people join us in herding those cattle up to the uplands. So now the idea is for the Burren and Bloom for the spring following that winter we go back to the same place so the return to the Winteridge Walk this May is going to be back to the same farm that we drove the cattle up just to see the results of that farming practice and see the kind of wildflowers that have arrived as a direct result of that tradition of continuing that tradition of winter grazing. Yeah, it's a really, really wonderful occasion for people and as I say I'm a huge fan of the Burren and I love getting down there, not all of us unfortunately to get to any of your events but I love just getting there myself and walking around. Yeah, well you have to make it, make it, try and make it this May if possible. I'll try, I will try. But listen Pranjali it's been lovely talking to you again and thank you so much for coming on and the best of luck to you and everybody there. No problem brother. All the best. Thank you. Bye bye. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. 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Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.