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Hello everyone, welcome to this episode of Predictably Irrational, our act to understand human behavior. This podcast is a collaborative project for our critical thinking course at a university in Japan. I'm Haruka, joined by Shunmu, Mayu, Ibuki. Today we are expected to delve into the intriguing world of cognitive biases, specifically depressive effect, false memory, blind spot bias, and confirmation bias. In our research today, we will dissect the cognitive quirks that influence our decision-making. From the strong depressive effect to the intricacies of false memory and the subtle blind spot bias, we will focus on their impact. Confirmation bias of a common cognitive default will also be in focus. Our insights are drawn from the Ariyoshi's book, Predictably Irrational, guiding us through the journey of understanding human behavior. First, let's examine the depressive effect from chapter 11 of the Ariyoshi's book. Let's imagine you are feeling pain and take a pain killer. Probably you think the pain would decrease, don't you? But, depending on the price of the medicine, the effect changes. Sounds irrational? All right, let's delve into the details. In an experiment mentioned in chapter 11, British parents were given electric shocks and then they took a fake pain killer that is called Bladon Rx. Also, the price of the pain killer was manipulated. Some participants were told it costs $2.50, while others were told it was discounted to $10 per pill. Because participants believed they took an expensive and more potent pain killer, their subjective experience of pain increased. This shows the interplay between physiology and physiology, where our cognitive processes are linked to our physical responses. In this experiment, we observed an interesting twist. The higher price of a pain killer seemed to affect not only its perceived value, but also its effectiveness in relieving pain. We conducted a small survey ourselves trying to further prove this. In this survey, participants were presented with two different grades, identical medicines and the results were intriguing. Even though these medicines were identical and some participants even had personal experience with medicine A, most people tended to choose medicine B. The premium level instilled a perception of premium quality, a proof of it visually appearing by creating unclear information, enhancing the perceived effectiveness. Additionally, the higher cost of medicine B created a cognitive link to increased efficiency, while the interplay of these elements created a comparing error that influenced participants' choices. The process is fantastic. Physical effects, phenomena which exist in our recognition, experience and so on, it has the possibility to affect the belief in treatment. The implications of this experiment spread beyond the range of the laboratory. They promote the elaboration of our understanding of value, perception and their profound impact on our daily experience. This causes ethical problems particularly in the field of medicine and daily life. Should the power of belief be harnessed intentionally, and if so, to what extent? These are sessions that go through the whole world of both science and ethics. According to the inquiry, it becomes clear that our beliefs can shape not only our personal experience, but also the effectiveness of interventions designed to improve our well-being. So when you get the next painkiller, consider the dual nature of the belief. Is it the chemical composition of the pill? Or is it the complicated dance between your pill and its effect and the physiological responses? Next, Yumi will talk about false memory. Sometimes humans have memories that shouldn't exist. That is false memory. We conducted a survey asking whether everyone has ever experienced deja vu. 100% of people said they had experienced it. Deja vu is a type of false memory that causes you to think, I've seen this before, even though you've never seen a scene or situation before. The first cause is a memory error. It is said that our memories are input to the brain in fragments rather than in one continuous stream. Then, for example, a fragment of memory, such as I had a fun time playing love songs with a friend on a bench at school during the cherry blossom season, may be triggered and 10 years later, deja vu may occur when I had a love story with another friend at a cafe. Because the brain circuitry that connects memories and episodes doesn't work properly, even if only part of the memory matches, it creates the illusion that you experienced that same thing. These memory errors seem to occur not only in scenes we have experienced ourselves, but also in scenes we have seen on TV or stories we have heard from others. The second cause is unconscious memory. Psychiatrist Fred explained that deja vu is a dream that you have already had and that what you have seen unconsciously cannot be recalled consciously. In other words, things we see or hear unconsciously, such as dreams, remain as fragments of memory, and when we encounter a similar situation, those memories come back to us, giving us a feeling of deja vu. The third cause is unconscious prediction. The feeling of deja vu, where you can vaguely know what someone will say or do next, is thought to be caused by unconsciously predicting your action. We can predict the near future to some extent based on the current situation and past experiences. We predict people's actions unconsciously rather than consciously, so when they actually happen, we feel a sense of deja vu. The next student will talk about blind spot bias. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. Blind spot bias is a disorder that occurs when a person is blind and cannot see or hear. 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