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Both the United States and France have a long history of protecting privacy rights through their respective court systems. Privacy rights have evolved over time and have been shaped by digital changes and technological advancements. In the US, privacy rights have been influenced by key cases such as Griswold v. Connecticut and Carpenter v. United States. In France, important cases include the Brighty Barrett Case and the Caroline of Morocco Case. Both countries have also grappled with balancing privacy rights with other interests, such as national security and freedom of expression. Moving forward, the courts in both countries will continue to play a critical role in defining and securing privacy rights. So, I chose the question number 7. Throughout the years, court has helped to determine clearly the scope of protection of the human right to privacy. I am going to compare USA with France in it. So, first I am going to go through the introduction. Privacy rights have, while always expeditiously mentioned in the constitution of various countries, have become a significant aspect of the legal system worldwide. The scope of protection of the human right to privacy is broad and encompasses many different areas of individual life. It is important for governments and organizations to respect and uphold these rights in order to ensure the dignity and autonomy of all individuals. The United States and France, in particular, have long histories of protecting individual privacy, with their respective courts playing a critical role in shaping the scope of these rights. In both nations, privacy rights have evolved over time and opted to cite digital changes and technological advancements in documents aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of key access and legal developments in the United States and France that have helped define and shape privacy rights in each country by comparing the legal approaches and landmark cases in both jurisdictions. These analyses will shed light on the similarities and differences in the development and protection of human rights. Scope of protection of the right to privacy in U.S. courts The right to privacy, although not as critically mentioned in the United States Constitution, has been an essential component of American legal history. Over time, the United States courts have played a significant role in shaping the scope of privacy rights, interpreting and applying them to various situations. This action provides a comprehensive analysis of key cases and legal developments that have helped define privacy rights in the U.S. Early development of privacy rights, the concept of the right to privacy began to take shape in the late 19th century. In 1890, Harvard Law Review articles Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis argued for a right to bill a loan, which later became a cornerstone for privacy jurisprudence. The Constitution's Basic for Privacy Rights The Fourth Amendment, which serves as the foundation for private security linked to government encroachment, forbid unjustified inquiries, and confiscation of people's property. The Ninth Amendment, according to the Ninth Amendment, no right listed in the Constitution should be interpreted as negating and demeaning other rights that the populace have kept. We claim that private rights exist even though they are not expressed. These states in the Constitution have been supported by this addition. The Fourteenth Amendment, in order to ensure that state governments cannot violate citizen privacy without following due process of law, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has been used to expand privacy rights in the United States. Seminal Privacy Cases Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965 In Griswold, a Supreme Court order under state law therefore bade the use of contraceptives by ruling that married couples have a fundamental right to privacy. Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution is used to safeguard the right to privacy, which was established as a basic right in this case. Caird v. United States, 1967 Caird's written the Fourth Amendment application to cover reasonable expectations of privacy. The court decided that Caird's right to privacy was breached because the government-unauthorized surveillance of a public phone box occurred while he was on the phone. Roe v. Wade, 1973 In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court further binded the definition of a privacy by upholding the woman's choice to have abortion in protecting her right to privacy. Carpenter v. United States, 2018 Carpenter extended privacy protection to cell phone location data requiring a law enforcement to obtain a warrant before accessing such information. His decision highlighted the evolving nature of privacy rights in the digital age. Privacy in the digital age As technology and mass privacy concerns have become more complex, cases like United States v. Jones, 2012 and Raleigh v. California, 2014 have established that GPS tracking and searching cell phones without a warrant is practically violate privacy rights. These cases reflect the court's effort to adopt privacy rights to the modern era, balancing privacy and national security. In the wake of 9-11, the U.S. government implemented various surveillance measures to protect national security. These strategies led to concerns about the balance between privacy and national security. Cases like Clapper v. Amnesty International, 2013 and ACLG v. Clapper, 2015 demonstrate the ongoing struggle to define the scope of privacy rights in the context of national security. Summary Over time, the U.S. courts have been instrumental in defining and refining the scope of privacy rights through a series of landmark cases and continuous legal disclosure. The concept of privacy has been adopted to address the ever-changing societal and technological landscape. As we move forward, the court will continue to play a critical role in shaping the boundaries of privacy rights and securing individual liberties with the need of public interest and national security. It is essential to acknowledge the dynamic nature of privacy and its legal protection in order to maintain a just and equitable society. Scope of Protection of Rights to Privacy in French Courts Rights to privacy have been an important aspect of French courts, with courts playing a crucial role in shaping its scope and application. The French legal system has a historical focus on safeguarding individual privacy, balancing it with public interest and freedom of expression. This will provide a comprehensive analysis of key cases and legal developments in France that have helped define privacy rights, foundation of privacy rights in French law. The French Civil Code, known as the Civil Code of the Napoleonic Court, formed the foundation of privacy rights in France. Article 9 of the Civil Code states that everyone has the right to respect for their private life. The French Constitution does not explicitly mention the right to privacy. The Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizens of 1789, which is an integral part of the Constitution, contains several provisions related to individual liberties that can be linked to privacy rights. The European Convention of Human Rights. France is bound by the European Convention of Human Rights. ECHR is a council of European signatories. The right to regard for one's own social, communication, private and family life is guaranteed by Article 8 of the ECHR. Seminal Primary Cases in France The Brighty Barrett Case, 1976, is a landmark case involving the unauthorized publication of a picture of actress Brighty Barrett on location. The court held that the publication violated Barrett's right to privacy, setting a precedent for protecting the privacy of public figures in France. The Caroline of Morocco Case, 1995. The European Court of Human Rights ruled in favor of Princess Caroline of Morocco. In a case concerning the publication of unauthorized photographs taken in her private life, this case established the principle that even public figures have a right to privacy in their personal lives. The Trujillo Case, 2001. In the case, a French court awarded damages to the Colombian citizen whose phone conversation with her boyfriend was intercepted by the Colombian police, recorded in a later broadcast on French television. The court ruled that the broadcast violated the plaintiff's right to privacy in the legal age. As technology has advanced, privacy concerns have become more complex. French courts have addressed issues such as online privacy, data protection, and cyber surveillance. The French Data Protection Authority, known as the CNIL, commissioned a national de informatique at these liberties to play a crucial role in enforcing data protection laws and safeguarding individual privacy in the digital age. The Google Rights-to-be-Forgotten Case, 2014. CNIL ordered Google to remove certain such data upon request from individuals in compliance with the European Union's right to be forgotten. The case demonstrated the balance between privacy rights and freedom of information in the digital age. Balancing privacy and freedom of expression, French courts have often been called upon to strike a balance between privacy rights and freedom of expression, as guaranteed by the French constitution of the ECHRB. At the Philippe Petit case, 2006, the ECHRB ruled that a French court's decision to award damages to a politician for the publication of photographs taken in a private library did not violate freedom of expression. The case highlighted the delicate balance between privacy and freedom of expression in the French jurisprudence summary. Over the years, French courts have made substantial contributions to shaping and clarifying the scope of privacy rights in the country through a series of prominent cases and precedent legal discussions. The concept of privacy has been adopted to address the evolving societal and technological environments. As we progress, the French courts will maintain their critical role in determining the boundaries of privacy rights by delicately balancing individual liberties with public interest and freedom of expression, recognizing and appreciating the dynamic nature of privacy and its legal protection is essential for fostering a fair and inclusive society. In conclusion, the legal system of both the United States and France has been made significant strides in defining and protecting privacy rights through landmark cases and ongoing legal discussions. The courts in each country have navigated the ever-evolving landscape of societal norms and technological environments and adopted the concept of privacy to their unique contexts. Despite the difference in the legal framework, both countries have managed to strike a balance between individual liberties, public interest, and freedom of expression. By examining the key cases and legal parameters in the United States and France, we gain a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between privacy rights, national laws, and cultural values. The comparative analysis highlights the importance of recognizing the dynamic nature of privacy and its legal protection in order to promote fairness, inclusiveness, and adaptability in our global society. As we continue to face new challenges and development, the experiences of these countries serve a valuable role in assessing and seeking for shaping privacy rights.