The Great Outdoors 12sept2024

Simon Ash from Fernwood Eco Farm was interviewed on Connemara Community Radio's Eco Sloth program. He discussed the farm's unique environment, which includes woodland, a blanket bog, and historic sites. He also mentioned their organic dextro-cattle and the farm's focus on sustainability, including solar panels and a micro hydro turbine for energy generation. The farm aims to be carbon neutral and potentially carbon negative through their blanket bog restoration efforts. This program is sponsored by Galway Rural Development Social Inclusion Community Activation Program. Contact 091-574-858. Welcome to the Great Outdoors here on Connemara Community Radio, 87.8106.1 FM. Fáilte mocha leo, good to see you and hello, you're all very welcome to our program this evening and thanks to Mitch for a great show as always there. Now coming up very shortly in our eco slot I'm going to talk with Simon Ash who of course as everybody knows is involved with the Fernwood Ecofarm and we'll be talking to him about what's involved there because it's becoming very much green as involved with renewable energy. Louise Heffernan will be talking to us about the Connemara, or from Connemara we can talk about the Walk and Talk event taking place this autumn. Dr. Richard Manton who is Director of Sustainability at the University of Galway and he's going to talk about the Sustainability Development Goal Week which is 16-21st of September. Martin, sorry not Martin, Liam Gavin, Project Manager Office Test Teamer with Inland Fisheries Ireland to talk about seeking applications for a new 50,000 fund enabling those who are disabled or disadvantaged to enjoy fishing and related activities. A little bit later on we'll have Sharon O'Grady Arts Office of Galway County Council talking to us about Culture Night on Friday the 20th of September and then we have a very special program for the end of our program this evening. Instead of classical music we have an interview that I did earlier with Michael O'Neill and of course he's got a wonderful book coming out, Community, Time, Faith and People, a memoir by Michael O'Neill and it looks fascinating and our interview is fascinating so do stay tuned to the end of the program. But we're going to go over to our Eco Sloth and as a moment I'll be speaking with Simon Ash. The Eco Sloth on Connemara Community Radio, a weekly program focusing on environmental and climate sustainability. This program is co-funded by Commission Le Mans through the Sound and Vision Scheme. Tonight the Eco Sloth, I'm delighted to welcome Simon Ash from Fernwood Eco Farm. Simon you're very welcome to see us here on Connemara Community Radio. Well great to talk with you Brendan. Good to talk to you too and first of all I suppose congratulations on the piece on the television, it was wonderful and it's great to see the work that you're doing there getting recognition like that so congratulations on that. Yeah thank you very much. We were thrilled to get it and we were very fortunate to get it at the same time and I think Connemara looked very well for the ten minutes that we had on the TV and it was great having Therva Barnard around and yeah it showed off the farm very well so we were delighted. Now I suppose for people who may be not that familiar with it, they've seen signs around and they might have seen you driving around in your Jeep at the Fernwood sign on it. Tell me a little bit about the background to it, I mean how did it come about? Well we were, we bought the house down in, beside Salt Lake at the end of 2013 and moved in there in 2015 and at the time I was working out in Barnage Castle managing the estate and I'd been there for a long time but Anne and I always had a passion for the outdoors and we really wanted to do something together and we were, you know, living there in the beautiful environment on the Salt Lake, we thought that we could do something special and fortuitously when I left Barnage in 2019 the farm and the Blanket Bog came up for sale beside us and we were lucky enough to be able to buy it and that was sort of 140 acres there which has the most stunning coastline along the Salt Lake and there's 100 acres of fairly good quality Blanket Bog and the native woodland there so once we bought that we set about our project notwithstanding we had COVID in the middle of it all but maybe that, you know, gave us a time to pause and reflect and really see what we wanted to do and we came out of that and started, we came with this idea that we wanted to share the space with people and create a unique environment where people could come and stay and appreciate the woodland and have some self-discovery for themselves and, you know, so we have all of these wonderful paths in the woods and then we have these three, two tree houses and then we converted one of our buildings as well so ultimately we have three buildings which, where couples can come and stay and just immerse themselves within the nature. Wow, but the great thing there, of course, is that you've got these wonderful different habitats you mentioned there Salt Lake, of course, which is so special and you're right at the edge of it there you have this beautiful woodland which, of course, is amazing with the hazel and all of that and then there's this gold land but you also have a very historic area because the old bridge there and the old road would have gone through there and way back so it's mixing an awful lot of different types of habitats culturally and naturally. Yes, we're so fortunate, I mean, as you mentioned, we have prior to the construction of the Salt Lake Bridge or the Wire Bridge as some people might know it there by Alexander Nemo in the 1820s the next nearest bridge to the coast was a beautiful little humpback bridge that we have on the farm going over the river and yeah, that's stunning, it's listed as a National Monument and we've also got another, the remnants of an old mill, a horizontal mill which I think, I think Michael Gibbons thinks dates back to the 1700s possibly, so there's wonderful archaeology wonderful history there, we're very fortunate that we have this sort of marble outcrop maybe a certain amount of limestone in the soil which allows for the hazels to grow so well and all the various different native Irish species that we have has meant that we have ostensibly what's referred to more recently as a wild Atlantic rainforest or a temperate rainforest on the ground and it's a wonderful place to be, it's a wonderful place for the guests to spend their time and obviously for us living there it's incredibly special. Have you got a lime kiln on the land, do you know? We do, we have, we definitely have two, no sorry we have three actually and so that will tell you that there's definitely a certain amount of lime in the rock and the fact that we have ash trees on the site that's also indicative of a more alkaline soil and the hazels also because as you know the hazels will grow down at the burn so well where you've got more limestone and it's unusual in Connemara to have that kind of calcareous outcrop as you'd call it or just having a higher pH which provides more minerals in the soil and allows for the growth of the trees. Yes absolutely, now as well as all of those things if that's not enough you also have a wonderful farm there where you're working on with your organic dextro-cattle which I know you had, do have or did have chickens and I'm not sure if there I'd see you. Oh we do, my daughter Lainey, she sells the eggs from the chickens at the gate and that's a lovely little enterprise for her which we have great fun every evening picking the eggs and the eggs lay in the woods and they have a full half acre, a little pen to run around and so that's great, we have the hens and then we also as you say have the native pedigree dextro-cows on the land and we got into them in 2021 and they've been amazing in so far as they're native to Ireland and they're native to the land and they're so incredibly hardy and we keep a very close eye on them but I did an experiment this winter where we didn't put any of them in calf, we didn't need to and we kept a close eye and decided that we wouldn't feed them and some people might look at that and say it's terrible that you're not feeding the animals but we got through the whole winter and they were still fabulously healthy and came out the other side and then put on lots of weight coming into the spring and I really see it as, I see the breed as being perfectly suited to Connemara and I think an awful lot of people will spend an awful lot of money throughout the winter feeding their stock, different breeds of cattle whereas the dextres are so incredibly hardy and we also, because we farm organically, we would always take feces samples from the cattle to make sure, to see how healthy they are, to see what level of worms or fluke they have and as a result of doing that it meant that we haven't actually had to dose them or give them any chemicals or any pharmaceuticals since 2021 and so in effect they're living wild on the land and thriving and we get to spend time with them and they're really fantastic animals. Yeah, they're beautiful to look at and they're so gentle looking ones as well. Now of course the other aspect of what you're doing there now is you're looking at, I suppose, different ways of creating energy because, you know, with what you have there that's another side of it. So what have you been doing on that side of things? Well, I mean, my own background is as an environmental scientist and I suppose what we would like to achieve as a mission within what we're doing is to become carbon neutral or, you know, there's even the potential for the business to qualify as being a carbon negative business because, we could talk about this another day, but we're doing work with regards to the blanket bog restoration whereby we could be sequestering more carbon than we're actually emitting as part of the business. But good to go back to your point where we've installed a big bank of solar PV panels on the farm and then also we have in our stream where we have quite a substantial drop in the river that allows us to put in a little micro hydro turbine. And so we have a little turbine operating there which is providing us with large amounts of, not large amounts, we're getting about 24 kilowatt hours a day from the turbines, which would actually power, you know, certainly a domestic house. And then the great thing about the turbines is that they run 24-7, 365 days a year. Potentially, if we have a drought in June or May, we might have to turn them off, but if we do, you will also have lots of solar energy at that time. But it means that throughout the winter we're consistently producing electricity and we're able to utilize that electricity on the farm. We have a bank of batteries. Currently, we've got 20 kilowatts of batteries, which means that when we produce the energy, if it doesn't get used immediately in the business and in the operation, it gets stored up for a period when the appliances require it. Oh, wow. Yeah. I mean, there's obviously an awful lot of thought going into this because, I mean, that's one of the things I always find when people are talking about solar energy and all these other things. It's not just a matter of, you know, putting up a solar panel and saying that's it. You have to put a bit of thought into how you're using it as well, I suppose. Yeah, absolutely. And it's so, so true because we're able to, and a lot of people now have, well, most of us now have smart meters. And so it allows us to sign up to these tariffs, which are very, very confusing for everybody, I must say. But if you can do your research, you get the right advice around them, you can sign up to the correct tariffs. It means that, you know, during the nighttime, between 2 o'clock and 5 o'clock, we're able to get energy at about $0.065 per unit versus maybe $0.35 during the day. So what we're able to do is to load up our batteries during the night with that very cheap electricity. And when we start the morning, we have full batteries. And then the batteries reduce down as the heat pumps turn on. And then when the solar takes over at about 11 o'clock in the day, then the batteries rise up again. So it's, yeah, there's quite a lot of management involved in it, but it does mean that obviously our bills have been substantially reduced. But we're certainly, we've definitely reduced our carbon footprint massively. Okay, well, this is amazing, Simon, talking to you about it. And I wish we could talk longer, but we'll come back to you again, I've no doubt, in the future. But thank you so much for being with us this evening here on the program. No problem, and it's lovely to talk with you. Okay, thanks a million. Now that's Simon Ash there, who's from Fernwood Ecofarm and stuff, and they're having a beautiful place up there in Dunedin, and very interesting. So as I say, we would love to have more information about that a bit later on, maybe. So do kind of keep an eye here, click on the radio, and we will see what we can do. You've just been listening to The Eco Sloth on Kalamara Community Radio, a weekly program focusing on environmental and climate sustainability. This program is co-funded by Commissioner Nauman through the Sound and Vision Scheme. On September 21st, Ireland's top traditional artists are coming to Kalamara for an unforgettable night of music, song and dance. The Irish Traditional Music Archive presents the Drawing from the Well concert tour, featuring Irla O'Leonard of the Drummond, Derek Hickey, Aoife Nisreen and Stephanie Kane, plus special guests Barry Bergen and Mick Keneally. Saturday, 21st of September, at Auerklein's Cush Farraghe in Nimburn. Aircode H91 W925. Shanskull, Salerno. Tickets from 15 Euros. Book today at itma.ie. Book today at itma.ie. Arts and Health Publishing invites you to the launch of a new book called Community, a Time, Place and People. A memoir by Michael O'Neill. The launch is by Dr. Larissa Murahu from Kewlty's Kewlty, Ireland, and the launch takes place on Sunday, 15th September, in the Chock Yule Tully at 5pm. A second launch will also be taking place at the 47th Clifton Community Arts Festival with Dr. Brendan Flynn on Saturday, 28th September, in the Station House Hotel, Clifton, at the Olney Street at 12pm. All are welcome. You can buy any drug you want as long as you're willing to pay for it. But they'll give you all the benefits you need. You can buy any drug you want. Something that will keep you going for a long time. You can buy any drug you want as long as you're willing to pay for it. You can buy any drug you want as long as you're willing to pay for it. If you want to buy any drug, you can go to the Passionary website and ask someone else to buy it for you. Don't buy any drugs for free, or you'll have to pay for it yourself. Tour course at rsa.ie Dragon Prince Festival takes place from the 13th to the 15th of September. With great new acts and some old faves. There'll be sets from Breaking Trash, Moolaxon, Resin, Amazing Apples, Rod Strong, Nick Cummins, and Galway Jam Circle. Family entertainment on Saturday with Jay Ryan from RTE, a gold shootout at the new ballcourt, and drawings with Caroline Cannon on Saturday morning. Follow Dragon Prince Festival outfits, or Instagram for further details of events, times, and venues. How am I left alone? Looking for a unique birthday party celebration for your child? Join Killary Adventure Company at our new aerial park. Our birthday party packages will have your little monkeys zipping through the treetops for a birthday they'll never forget. Perfect for kids, teens, and adults alike. Call Killary Adventure today at 095-434-11, or visit our website to learn more. Adventure begins at Killary. Bounce Back Recycling can collect old mattresses and furniture direct from your address. Recycled materials are recovered and diverted from landfill for a more environmentally friendly option. So go green and get in touch today. Collections across Connemara every Friday. Bookings are subject to availability. To get a quote or make a booking, call 091-760877, see bouncebackrecycling.ie, or message Bounce Back Recycling on Facebook. Joyce's Hardware Reset. Located behind Joyce's Grocery, specializing in animal feed, fuel supplies, and all your hardware needs. Competitive prices on bulk feed. Joyce's will deliver to all areas of Connemara. Contact Brian on 095-347-50, or 087-268-6946. Clifton Supply Centre, Galway Road, Clifton. Provide building supplies, plumbing and heating supplies, fuel merchants, DIY, and general hardware. Contact the Clifton Supply Centre on 095-214-76. Clifton Supply Centre, Galway Road, Clifton. Provide building supplies, plumbing and heating supplies, fuel merchants, DIY, and general hardware. Clifton Supply Centre, Galway Road, Clifton. When I got up this morning, the house was really freezing. I checked the oil tank, it was empty, that must be the reason. So I called up Sweeney Oil, a truly local company, and took my order for some oil and delivered straight to me. Sweeney Oil are at your service, friendly, helpful, and they care. There are many easy ways to pay, now that's what I call fair. They deliver oil to homes all over Galway and Surround, and Sweeney Oil's prices are the very best around. For the best value home heating oil in Galway, call Sweeney Oil today on 1-800-555-999, or visit sweeneyoil.ie. Sweeney Oil is the warmer way to heat your home. Welcome back to the program. We were to talk with Marie-Louise Heffernan, so Marie-Louise, if you're listening in there, we'll be bringing you back shortly. We couldn't get through to Marie-Louise, but I'm delighted to welcome Dr Richard Manson, the Director of Sustainability at the University of Galway, to talk to us about a very interesting get-together of people. Richard, you're very welcome to us here at Connemara Community Radio. Good evening, thank you very much for having me on. No problem at all. So, you're hosting Sustainable Development Goal Week. Tell me a little bit about the background to that. Yes, I can, of course. So, the University of Galway is Ireland's number one university for sustainability, and we've also been appointed a SDG ambassador by the Government of Ireland. So, we're very proud of that role that we have in promoting the UN SDGs. Just for anyone that may not be familiar with the SDGs, are the Sustainable Development Goals. These were 17 global goals agreed by 195 countries around the world, and really they set out a blueprint as to how we can build a more peaceful, more sustainable world right across environment, society, and economy. So, what we have planned for next week in the University of Galway is a full week of events, trying to celebrate those goals, raise awareness, and give examples of how people can get active related to the goals. Yes, because sustainability, we were just talking earlier there with Simon Ash, and he was talking about, you know, that kind of promotion of working with renewable energies and all of that kind of thing. But there's so much more to it, I suppose, than that, the whole development of how we survive to the future. So, what are the main goals that you're setting out? So, absolutely. Renewable energy is an incredibly important area, and just some of the things we're doing on campus related to renewable energy would be installing rooftop solar PV. We also have a geothermal heat pump. So, there is quite a lot to see on the campus related to energy, but you're absolutely right. It's much more than energy. So, the sustainable development goals cover everything from no poverty, no hunger, gender equality, climate action, life below water, life on land. So, really, it's using that sustainable development lens that covers environment, society, and economy. Yes, because I think that's one of the things that I've often looked at or thought about when I was looking at these things. And they're all wonderful ideas, but to marry them together and to make sure that every one of them helps each other, I presume that's the overall what we should be aiming for. It is, and so we would see a lot of them as quite complementary. So, for example, you gave energy as an example. For those that are able to retrofit their home, trying to make a warmer home with renewable energy, there are also quite a lot of health benefits associated with that. You could say the same about moving to active travel, trying to encourage people to walk or cycle more. Again, there are health benefits to that. So, it's about really finding those co-benefits that both impact the environmental dimension, but also the social. And then if you're to look at globally, particularly in the developing world, there's still a lack of access to some basic communities. What we want to do is encourage development that is sustainable and really to avoid the mistakes of the past while still improving access to things like clean water, energy and so on. Yes, and I suppose you mentioned some of the aspects there, the gender equalities and all of these aspects. But I suppose another thing that's important, and of course comes from the university itself, would be all to do with education because the education of people, both as to what they should be doing this way, but also general education is hugely important that people have access to a proper education all over the world. Exactly. And of course, our raison d'etre at the University of Galway is to teach future generations. So, our objective there is to embed sustainability into every degree programme in the university. And then also, if you look at the cutting-edge research that's taking place, that we're trying to ensure that that's aligned with sustainability and the sustainable development goals. So, that's probably one of the largest parts of our work is working not just with operations in terms of energy, water, waste, travel, but also working with our academics to embed sustainability in teaching and then with our researchers, again, on our innovation and research related to the SDGs. And then there is, even beyond that, the whole that, of course, education doesn't just take place in the classroom, in the lecture theatres, that it is about working with communities, it's about putting on awareness-raising events like our SDG Week. And I can maybe give you a couple of examples of what we have planned for SDG Week, if you'd like. Yeah, absolutely. What ideas or what are you going to do? Yeah, so, first of all, I would really encourage your listeners to come onto campus for the week. We do have some online events, but we're really encouraging people to come onto campus. We do see ourselves as a university for the public good, so everyone is welcome. So, just two things. If you enjoy going for a walk, which I'm sure many of your listeners do, we have an SDG trail, so there'll be a guided walk along our SDG trail on Monday lunchtime at 1 o'clock. That's where we'll have a guided walk, where we'll give examples of what the university is doing in each of the 17 SDGs. And then on Friday lunchtime, we'll have a biodiversity trail guided walk, where, if you're familiar with the campus, we'll be starting at the Quadrangle at 1pm and then walking up along the River Corrib up to Dangan. And again, we'll have biodiversity experts that will point out some of the flora and fauna present on the campus. And then beyond that, we have about 25 other events covering everything from transport, climate, culture, decolonisation, a very wide range of events. So, you'll find all of those on universityofgalway.ie forward slash sustainability. Yeah, because I know that if I've been going, I very often walk all the way right up, as you say, out there to Dangan and out onto the road towards Clifton again when I'm going through. And I really love walking through the campus. It's such a beautiful place. But I suppose for a lot of people, first of all, I suppose, is there a website or something that people can follow what they need to do? Yeah, so our website is universityofgalway.ie forward slash sustainability. So, that has all of our 25 plus events. And then you can register for those or many of them you can just show up, for example, those two walks that I mentioned. That website also includes all of the other work we're doing on sustainability. So, whether it's those energy projects that I mentioned or giving examples of our teaching. I might just mention just particularly for listeners who may not be able to make it into Galway City on that on next week. We do just two examples of online events that we have on the Tuesday evening. We have at 6.30 p.m. we have a panel discussion on sustainable transport. So, that will include presentations on the Greenway to Uptoward, on the proposed Lewis, the light rail system, on the transport strategy and on our own research also with sustainable transport. And then on the Monday morning at 11 a.m. we have an SDG showcase. So, there it is, Sustainable Development Goals Showcase with loads of examples of what our School of Business and Economics are doing related to sustainability. So, that's Monday at 11. Okay. Well, it sounds fantastic, Richard. I would, hopefully I might even get in for the Monday walk if I can myself. I'd love to be in there for that. But thank you so much for being with us this evening on the program talking to us about that. And as I said, we'll be reminding people a little bit later on the program as well. Thank you. Thank you. Okay, thanks a million. That's Dr. Richard Benton there who is Director of Sustainability at the University of Galway. And if you are interested in any of those, if you go on to universityofgalway.ie forward slash sustainability you'll get information there on all of that. Now, of course, as you all know, next week the Clifton Earth Festival gets underway, 18th to the 29th. So much stuff going on everywhere. We'll have a little track here, I think, from Lisa Lamb. We're going to listen to a piece from her. She's giving a concert on Tuesday, the 24th of September at 9pm with the Station House Theatre and Lisa Lamb, an internationally acclaimed Irish folk singer, actor, introducer, you put it, night visiting, inspired by her work with the National Folklore Collection and a recent MA in Irish folklore. And a wonderful performer. As I say, we look forward to getting to hear her. And as I say, tickets are still on sale at the office there in Clifton if anybody needs anything. 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a fantastic piece at the Station House Theatre, at 11 o'clock on Friday the 20th. There's, as I say, music talks of every description, and a lovely piece featuring, of course, we'll be looking at Mícheál McSwivna, who was the Connemara poet at the Bar of the West from 1760 to 1820, and that will be a very interesting piece and we'll be looking forward to that. The Luminosa String Orchestra will be here on Friday the 20th, and a very interesting group from Cork called The Burma who are quite fascinating. So there's a lot of things going on there, but we also have a very big concert coming up, which I think will be fascinating to a lot of people, I know there's quite a lot of interest, and that's Michael English, and he will be on Friday the 27th of September at the West Connemara Sports and Leisure Centre. We're going to have a piece of music from Michael English before we go on to our next interview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .