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PS-INSAR was used to measure volcano-related displacement in the case study of the Bernardina volcano. The technique captured the surface displacements between eruptions and showed significant uplift. INSAR can also be used to measure other types of displacements but has challenges in measuring long-wavelength displacement and is not sensitive to the north-south direction. Obtaining three-dimensional displacement and addressing these issues are advanced topics being researched. Here is another case study. I used PS-INSAR to measure the volcano-related displacement. The volcano in Bernardina erupted on 2017, September 5, and 2018, June 16. Between the eruptions, the surface displacements are important to do the volcano modeling. And INSAR is able to capture the whole pattern without going to dangerous regions like this. The results are in the direction of Satellite 1. You can see the volcano uplift significance. You can also use INSAR to measure the displacements such as earthquakes, takedown in motions, glacial aesthetic adjustment, etc. However, INSAR is not like a metric technique to measure everything. There are several challenges for INSAR. For example, INSAR has challenges in measuring spatial long-wavelength displacement because the fact of displacement becomes insignificant due to the spatial differential nature. If the amplitude of displacement is small, the impact from seismic errors, especially tropospheric errors, is enlarged. Moreover, INSAR is not sensitive to the north-south direction. How to measure the north-south displacement? In addition, how do we obtain three-dimensional displacement from INSAR? This course doesn't interest you laws because there are advanced topics. Many research papers are trying to address the issues. You can research for laws if you are interested. In the end, I hope you can learn something from this course. Thanks for your attention.