National Movement The Last Phase 1919-1947

Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India in 1915 after leading non-violence movements against racist restrictions in South Africa. He met and led various groups of Indians, including Hindus, Muslims, and Christians. In 1919, Gandhi called for Satyagraha against the repressive Rowlatt Act. The act allowed the police to arrest and imprison anyone suspected of being a terrorist without a trial. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919 further fueled the movement. In 1920, the Khilafat agitation and the non-cooperation movement gained momentum. The Civil Disobedience Movement started in 1930, with the famous Salt March led by Gandhi. The movement involved men and women, and many were imprisoned or killed. The Congress formed governments in 11 provinces in 1937. However, with the outbreak of World War II, the Congress lost power. The Quit India Movement in 1942 demanded independence from British rule The National Movement, the last phase, 1919 and 1947. So in this lesson we are going to learn about the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa. So Mahatma Gandhi arrived in the year 1915 to India from South Africa. So in South Africa he led many non-violence against racist restrictions. So he also led Indians regarding this. So he was well known leader internationally. So his South African campaign brought him to contact various types of Indians like Hindus, Muslims, Paris and Christians. So Gujaratis, Tamils, North Indians, merchants, lawyers and workers also he came across and he met them and he is well known to them. So in Ahmedabad he led a successful mill workers strike in the year 1918. So this is the Gandhiji movement. So Gandhi launched Tamran campaign in the year 1917. Khaira protest movement in the year 1918. Participated textile workers agitation in the year 1918. In 1919 Gandhiji gave a call for Satyagraha against the revolt act. So this act took place 18th March 1919. Sydney revolt implemented revolt act in India on 18th March 1919. The act curved fundamental rights of all Indians. According to this act whomever police suspect that being a terrorist so they would arrest and they kept in the prison without any court trial. So Mahatma Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others felt that government had no urgent right to trial restricted people basic on their freedom. This act was criticized as devilish. So Gandhiji asked the Indian people to observe 6th April 1919 as the day of non-violent opposition to this act as a day of humiliation and prayers, hartal, strike. Satyagraha were established to launch the movement. So afterwards after the caliphate movement after revolt act so there are people who gathered in Jallianwala Bagh. This is known as Jallianwala Bagh, Moscow. So the incident took place in Amritsar in Punjab. So where people gathered there to discuss peacefully with regarding the revolt act which was implemented in India. So here General Jaya on 13th April 1919 fight on people. So foreign people were killed and thousands of people were injured. Rabindranath Tagore expressed his pain and sorrow. The pain and angry of the country announcing his knighthood given to him by British. So now Khilafat agitation. So in year 1920 the Khilafat issue was one such case. The British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish Sultan in Khalifa. People had been worried about the Jallianwala Bagh, Moscow. Indian Muslims were keen that the Khalifa be allowed to retain control over the Muslims in the while. Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali wished to initiate a full-fledged non-cooperation movement. Gandhiji supported their call and urged the Congress to campaign against Punjab's wrongs. So in the year 1920, now position of the Congress, Gandhiji was acknowledged as the leader of the Congress. The main objective of the Congress was change to the achievement of Swarajya. So here non-cooperation movement. So the non-cooperation movement was started in the year 1921 and went to 1922. So here in this non-cooperation movement, thousands of students left the government, controlled schools and colleges. Many lawyers such as Moti Lal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari gave up their practices. And British title also were surrounded and legislators boycotted the courts. People boycotted foreign clothes and they burnt foreign clothes. The import of foreign clothes fell drastically between 1920 and 1922. Qadi war started. And here comes another famous incident in Andhra Pradesh, Guntur district, was the center nationalist activity. And the practicing including not only students but also merchants and peasants in the village also participated. So in the year 1920, Nagpur session, the Congress, Gandhiji was acknowledged. So the highlight of the non-cooperation movement was the famous Chirala Perala movement. So in these two places, the government decided here a village to convert into municipality. The Chirala Perala government decided to make the municipality. Therefore the government wanted to collect the tax, 15,000 rupees from the people in order to make the municipality. So it was led by Duggirala Gopalakrishnaya refused to pay the taxes to government. So these people migrated to Ramnagar and stayed there for 11 months because not to pay the taxes. Another important movement, non-payment of land revenue by peasants. So peasants also used to pay the land revenue to the British government. So in order not to pay the land revenue, what they did, they did not pay and they sent their herds to the jungle to graze them. And also the officers of the local, they also resigned. So now the happenings of 1922-1929. In February 1922, a crowd of peasants set fire to a police station in Chauri. 22 policemen were killed on that day. Gandhiji called off the non-cooperation movement because of the incident where the peasants killed 22 policemen. So Gandhiji wanted to follow non-violence. So he doesn't want to follow violence. Therefore, he called off the non-cooperation movement in the year 1922. So C. R. Das and Moti Lal Nehru urged that the party should fight elections of constituency. So now 1930 Civil Disobedience Movement. Civil Disobedience Movement was started in the year 1930 till 1932. So the Indian National Congress met at Lahore in the year 1929 under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. So in this session, Congress declared that the attainment of Poorna Swaraj, the main aim of the Civil Disobedience Movement to achieve Poorna Swaraj. The Congress Working Committee decided with enthusiasm that 26th January should be observed as the day of Poorna Swaraj. Poorna Swaraj means completely independent what we got from the British. That's what they tried. So on March 21, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi decided to break the salt laws. Gandhi ji and his 78 companions began to walk about 375 km. They walked from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. So this is also known as Dandi March. So this was completed in 24 days when Gandhi picked up a hand full of salt and broke the salt law. So women also participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Not only students, patients and also men. Women also actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. So this movement does not come under the salt march. Rather it undercomes Satyagrahi. So the movement was not confined to the salt Satyagraha alone. So men and women, 90,000 Satyagrahis including Gandhi and other Congress leaders were imprisoned. 110 persons were killed, over 300 wounded in police firing. The Government of India Act of 1935, Provincial Autonomy and the Government announced election to the Provincial Legislature in 1937. The Congress formed government in about of 11 provinces. So out of these 11 provinces, the Indian Congress won 7 provinces after 2 years, that is 1939. So the Congress, the Second World War started, the Congress lost its power. So we are discussing about now, World War II. In Germany, it was ruling. So it was thought that all the racist, so they wanted to gain the power world war. So therefore he announced war against Britain. So Britain, France, USSR and other countries declared the war. USA joined to support England. Germany was supported by Japan and Italy. USA dropped an atom bomb over Hiroshima, Nagasaki in Japan. So after that, the Second World War stopped. That was done in the year 1939. Quit India movement. Britain wanted to use the Indian troops and Indian people and money. So Congress demanded for independence. So British people were not happy to give independence. They had no mood of giving. So Congress Working Committee met on 8 August 1942 at Bombay and stated that British rule ended in India. So in the early hours of August 9th, 1942, the government arrested most of the Congress leaders. Which Gandhiji, Patel, Nehru, Mulana, Ajat etc were arrested. So policemen extra arrested. So the working class in the factories boycotted the work and students attacked the police station, post offices, railway stations and the public places. They cut off telegraph and telephone wires and railway lines. The British authorities disappeared parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh. People set up 1942-1944, lakhs of pounds of property was destroyed. So by the end of 1943, over 90,000 people were arrested and around 1,000 killed in police firing. So now we will discuss about Subhash Chandra Bose and he started Indian National Army. The INA means Indian National Army. So Subhash Chandra Bose had been a Swarajist and a radical nationalist. So he was the one who organized Indian National Army. So INA consisted of more than 60,000 soldiers. So he received the help of Japan in the fight. On 21st October 1943, the Provincial Government of Independence, India, i.e. Ajadh, in. On March 18, 1944, the INA crossed the frontiers of Burma and entered India with the slogan, Delhi Chalao. On 23rd August 1945, Subhash Chandra Bose is reported to have lost his life. So towards independence and participation. So meanwhile, in the year 1940, what happened? The Muslims League, they were demanding independent nation, independent state. They wanted to have East Western and Eastern land as their own country. That was from there onwards, 1930 onwards, they were fighting. So in the year 1930, most importantly, the provincial elections were held. Of 1937, seems to have convinced the League that Muslims were a minority and they always have to play second fiddle and dramatic structure. So afterwards, 1937, they were, they annoyed League. So the Congress failed, mobilized the Muslim masses in 1930, allowed the League to widen its social support. So in the year 1940, when most Congress leaders were in jail. At the end of the war, 1945, the British opened negotiations between Congress, the League, themselves for India's independence. The talks failed because the League saw itself as the sole spokesperson of India's Muslims. The Congress could not accept this claim since the large number of Muslims still supported it. So elections to the provinces were held again in the year 1946. So it resisted with its demand for Pakistan. In March 1946, the British Cabinet sent three members, Mission, Stratford, Cripps, Pettigrew, Lawrence and Alexander, to Delhi, to examine this demand and suggest a suitable political framework for free India. This mission suggested that should we remain united, constitute itself as loose confederation with some autonomy for Muslim-majority area. So it announced the 16th August 1946 as Direct Action Day. On this day, riots broke out in Calcutta, lasting several days and resulting in the deaths of thousands of people. By March 1947, violence spread to different parts of northern India. So in 1947, India was divided into West Pakistan and East Pakistan. India became independent on 15th August 1947, while Pakistan celebrated its independence on 14th August 1947. Even after partition, lakhs of people were killed and numerous women had to face untold brutalities. Lakhs of people were forced to flee their homes.