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An AI-generated podcast about this study https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021v1
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Groundbreaking research reveals that human evolution did not stop after the Holocene period as previously thought. The study shows hundreds of instances of strong directional natural selection taking place in the last 14,000 years. This challenges the old assumption and suggests that human evolution is a continuous process. The research analyzed ancient DNA from over 8,000 individuals and used a sophisticated model to track genetic changes over time. It uncovered adaptations that have left their mark on us today, such as celiac disease, blood types, and male pattern baldness. The study also found fluctuating patterns of selection related to tuberculosis and evidence of selection for lighter skin in regions with less sunlight. Additionally, the research explored polygenic selection, looking at broader patterns of gene groups. The findings provide a detailed picture of how our ancestors adapted to their environments and challenge previous theories about genes that promoted fat storage. Hey everyone and welcome back. Get ready because today we're taking a deep dive into something truly awe-inspiring. The story etched into our very own DNA. That's right. We're talking about groundbreaking research that's like peering through a time machine, giving us a glimpse into 14,000 years of human evolution. And it's not just some vague glimpse either. This research is remarkable because it reveals that human evolution didn't simply stop after the Holocene period, as many used to think. Yeah, for a long time that was the prevailing theory, wasn't it? Yeah, it really was. Like we hit a standstill or something. Exactly. But this is turning that idea on its head. This research points to hundreds, hundreds of instances of strong directional natural selection taking place during that time. Which is a pretty recent period considering, you know, the grand scheme of things, right? Absolutely. And it's this direction selection that's really turning heads in the scientific community. So you're right. This is a game changer. And this new research, well, it challenges that old assumption. Pretty boldly, I'd say. It's like we're uncovering a whole hidden chapter in the story of us, you know, humanity. Absolutely. It's exciting stuff. Definitely exciting. Now, for those listening who might be wondering, hold on, what exactly is directional selection? It's a really cool concept and it's key to understanding how we've changed genetically speaking over time. Yeah. It's a great way to think about how we've adapted. So imagine for a minute you've got this population of wolves, right? And they're living in a really snowy environment. Now, the wolves with the thicker fur are going to be warmer, obviously. Makes sense, right? Those cozier wolves are going to have a better shot at making it through those tough winters. Being able to reproduce and pass on those thicker fur genes. And over time, that whole wolf population is going to evolve to have thicker fur because those are the genes that are winning out. Exactly. And right there, that's directional selection in action. It's this consistent environmental pressure that kind of nudges a specific trait in a certain direction. And in this research, we're seeing that those pressures were really strong and active even in the last 14,000 years, which, as we said, is surprisingly recent. It really is. So we're talking about continuous adaptation. Yes. And I think that's a really profound concept if we connect it to the bigger picture. Yeah. It means we aren't static beings. We're a work in progress, constantly evolving, constantly impacting to the world around us, even today. Wow. When you put it like that, it really makes you wonder what the next 14,000 years might hold. But for now, let's bring it back to the research and delve into how these researchers actually uncovered these secrets from way back when. Because we're talking about analyzing DNA from thousands of years ago. How is that even possible? Well, that's where their really innovative approach comes in. They analyzed ancient DNA, and I mean ancient, from over 8,000 individuals across Western Asia spanning that entire 14,000-year time frame we keep mentioning. To handle that absolutely massive amount of data, they used a sophisticated model. You can almost think about it like a super-powered magnifying glass for spotting tiny genetic changes over time. So instead of just taking snapshots of DNA at different points in time, they're creating a sort of time-lapse video of evolution. Precisely. And that time-lapse has revealed some truly fascinating instances of directional selection at play, shaping our ancestors' traits and adaptations in remarkable ways. And what's amazing is that these adaptations they discovered aren't just ancient history. They've left their mark on us today, on our health, our traits. It's incredible. It really is. And you're right. They're not just these abstract things from the past. They're present in us in ways we can understand and see. Like celiac disease, for instance. Oh, interesting. Because I remember reading that celiac disease was thought to be a fairly recent condition. Like it was linked to the development of agriculture. Right. That was the prevailing theory for a long time. Yeah. That it was a relatively new disease. But this research, it kind of flips the script on that. Really? How so? Well, the gene variant they looked at, this HLA-DQB102-DQ2, which is associated with a higher risk of celiac disease, it actually skyrocketed in frequency going from practically non-existent to 20% in just 4,000 years. Wow. So we're talking about millions of years here, even. That's a blink of an eye in evolutionary terms. Exactly. 4,000 years. And it really makes you rethink the idea that celiac disease is solely a consequence of modern diets. Yeah. It really challenges that assumption, doesn't it? It really does. It suggests that the environmental or dietary triggers for celiac disease, well, those might go way further back than we initially thought. That's a real head-scratcher. What could have prompted such a quick rise? Fascinating. And speaking of changes in our bodies, the research also dug up some really interesting findings about blood types. Right. It did. It found that blood type B, for example, it increased in frequency from almost zero to 10% over the last 6,000 years. And at the same time, blood type A, it actually decreased. Huh. Okay. So what's the takeaway there? Well, it suggests that maybe the optimal balance of blood types has shifted over time, potentially in response to things like, you know, changing diets, different lifestyles, even exposure to various diseases throughout history. Makes you think, right? Our blood interacts with so much in our environment. It really does. From the food we eat to, like you said, the pathogens we encounter. Okay. Switching gears for a second to something that might resonate with some of our listeners out there. Let's talk about male pattern baldness. All right. Always a popular topic, right? And this research actually contradicts some previous theories about baldness. Oh. Well, they found that the gene variant that's linked to male pattern baldness was actually selected against. So, wait. Are you saying that over time, our ancestors might have been less prone to losing their hair? Interesting. I wonder what the evolutionary advantage of a full head of hair would have been back then. Yeah. It's a great question. Maybe it was about better protection from the elements, you know, the sun. Or maybe it played a role in thermoregulation, keeping our ancestors warm or cool, depending on the climate. Whatever the reason, it seems like a full head of hair offered some kind of evolutionary edge in those ancient environments. Fascinating. It really makes you appreciate the subtle ways evolution works, doesn't it? Okay. So, shifting gears again to a more, let's say, a more serious topic. The research also had some interesting findings related to tuberculosis. It did. They looked at the TYK2 gene variant, which is linked to susceptibility to tuberculosis. And they found a really fascinating pattern. It's basically the prevalence of this variant increased and then decreased over time. So, it wasn't a straight line then. More of a, what do you call it, a fluctuating pattern. Exactly. Fluctuating selection. It's a perfect example of the constant back and forth between our genes and the pathogens we encounter. As the landscape of infectious diseases changes, so too does the pressure on our genes. It's like this constant dance. Pushing and pulling. Never static. Exactly. And speaking of a constant dance, we can't forget about one of the most enduring mysteries of human evolution and something this research touches on as well. Skin pigmentation. Right. It's a classic example, isn't it, of how we adapt to different environments. It really is. And the findings from this research are really compelling. They discovered some strong evidence of selection for lighter skin. Multiple genes that are involved in producing melanin show this pattern. Well, yeah. That makes sense, doesn't it? So, finding lighter skin in regions with less sunlight would be really important for vitamin D synthesis. Precisely. This research lines up perfectly with previous research on this topic, but it gives us an even more detailed picture, more granular, of how our ancestors adapted to their surroundings. So, it really paints a vivid picture of adaptation in action. Okay. So far, we've been mainly talking about individual genes and how they've been shaped by directional selection, but this research didn't stop there, right? You're right. The research team also zoomed out a bit to look at broader patterns of selection analyzing groups of genes rather than just single ones. We call this polygenic selection. So, instead of focusing on the solo act, we're looking at the whole orchestra. A perfect analogy. And one of the most interesting examples of this polygenic selection relates to what we call the thrifty gene hypothesis. Oh, yeah. I've heard of that one. That's the one where genes that promoted, like, storing fat were really beneficial way back when, right? Right. Because food was less certain. Exactly. Back when famine was a real threat, having those genes that helped you hold on to every calorie would have been a major advantage. It would have increased your chances of survival. Makes sense. When food is scarce, you've got to make every calorie count. Exactly. But the interesting part of the thrifty gene hypothesis is that it also suggests these same genes might have become less advantageous, maybe even disadvantageous, as agriculture developed and food became more readily available. What was once a crucial survival tool might not be as beneficial, you know, as environments and lifestyles shift. So, it's like having a super fuel-efficient car in a world suddenly swimming in cheap gas. Precisely. And that's where this research comes in. It actually supports this idea of the thrifty gene. The team saw a decrease in the polygenic score for body fat percentage over the past 14,000 years. And that suggests to us that our genes were, in a way, adjusting to a world with a more stable food supply. Wow. So, they were adapting to a world where famine was less of a threat. Fascinating. What other insights did this polygenic lens reveal? Well, they also found some interesting evidence of selection against certain gene variants that are now associated with a few mental health conditions, things like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. That's really interesting. It makes you wonder how these conditions manifested back then in those very different environments and with different lifestyles. And what were the selective pressures at play that would have influenced those changes over time? Absolutely. Those are really great questions. And, to be honest, we don't have all the answers yet. It really highlights how much we still have to learn about that complex interplay between our genes, our environment, and our mental health. It's definitely an area ripe for future research. Absolutely. So, any other interesting polygenic signals they unearthed? Yes. They also found some exciting clues in the realm of healthy aging. They saw a pattern of selection for gene variants that have been linked to get this faster walking speed. So, it's actually still considered a good indicator of overall health and longevity today, isn't it? Exactly. It seems that being nimble, being quick on your feet, that was likely a survival advantage way back when, just like it can be today. It makes you think about those subtle ways that evolution might be shaping us right now. And speaking of subtle ways, I can't resist asking about this. The paper mentioned finding signals related to, well, cognitive performance. What's that all about? They did. They did find that. So, this is where we really need to tread carefully. Essentially, they observed selection for gene variants that, in today's world, are correlated with what we consider measures of cognitive performance, things like how well people score on intelligence tests, how many years of schooling they complete, even things like household income. Okay. Yes. I can see why we need to be careful there. Yes. Those are really complex traits to try and pin down. Not exactly straightforward, are they? Exactly. And I think it's so important to be careful not to oversimplify this. The findings don't mean that our genes completely determine things like intelligence or socioeconomic status. Right. Our genes aren't our destiny. Right. And I think it's crucial to emphasize that. Our cognitive abilities and socioeconomic standing, those are influenced by this incredibly intricate web of factors. The environment we grow up in, our upbringing, the opportunities or lack of opportunities that we're exposed to, societal structures, all of these things play a role. It's never as simple as nature versus nurture. It's both. But this complex and fascinating dance between the two is definitely a lot more nuanced than just saying, oh, it's all in your genes. Right. Exactly. It's really about appreciating how genes and environment interact to shape these really complex traits. It's never an either or situation. It's always this dynamic interplay. Precisely. And while this research does raise some really interesting questions, I think it's crucial to remember that it's giving us a glimpse into the evolutionary forces that have shaped our journey, but it doesn't define our individual destinies. Right. We're not just characters in a story written thousands of years ago. We're writing our own chapters as we go. Exactly. We're constantly writing our own stories. And I think what this deep dive has shown us is that the story of our evolution, it's full of these unexpected twists and turns. And I don't know about you, but I find that really exciting. It makes you wonder what we might discover as we continue to unravel the mysteries of our past. Oh, absolutely. This research is truly groundbreaking, and it's opening up so many new avenues for exploration. It's like we've stumbled upon this incredible library filled with stories from our ancestors, all written in this language of DNA. And the more we can decipher of that language, the more we understand about ourselves and our place in this, well, in this grand tapestry of life on Earth. Precisely. And I think it's important to acknowledge that we're really just beginning to scratch the surface. We really are, aren't we? There's still so much more to learn and discover about human evolution and adaptation. Like what if we could analyze DNA time series data, not just from West Eurasia, but from populations all around the globe? Exactly. Or imagine the possibilities if we could peer even further back in time. It's mind blowing when you really start to think about the potential discoveries that are waiting for us. It really is. We're only at the beginning of this incredible journey of understanding our species history. So true. Well, as we wrap up our deep dive into the world of ancient DNA and this fascinating new research, I'm left with this thought. What if we could hit fast forward, you know, and look at our DNA 10,000 years into the future, what would we see? What stories would those genes be telling about the selection pressures we're facing today in this very moment? That is the question, isn't it? What will be the legacy written into our DNA by our current environment, by our lifestyles, by the choices that we're making? It's something to ponder. It really is. And it's a good reminder that we're not just passive passengers in this journey of evolution. We're active participants shaping the future one generation at a time. Well said. And on that note, a huge thanks to all of you for joining us on this incredible exploration of our genetic history. Until next time, stay curious, keep questioning, and never stop exploring those wonders hidden within us all.
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