Ep 59 Dust Bowl pt 1

The hosts of a podcast, Jess and Tiff, discuss their microphone issues before wishing their listeners a happy Thanksgiving. They then talk about their topic for the week, the Dust Bowl in Oklahoma. Jess explains that her students sparked her interest in the Dust Bowl, as they had little background knowledge on it. They discuss the geographical history of the Dust Bowl and how it affected certain regions. They also mention the economic depression at the time and the impact it had on farmers. They explain how the land was overcultivated, leading to erosion and the loss of topsoil. Part two of their discussion focuses on the drought and dust storms that occurred during the 1930s. Dust storms became more frequent, causing major issues in the affected areas. Testing, testing, testing. We already tested. Oh. I didn't know if you wanted to check it again. No, I think I'm done checking microphones for today. Hi, I'm Jess. And I'm Tiff. And we're your curious cousins. Where we talk about everything kooky and spooky in the state of Oklahoma. Welcome to episode 59. Welcome. How are you? I've been better. How are you? Well, we've just been having some microphone drama again. Me this time. Yes. And then my Mac doesn't want to recognize two microphones. Neither does mine. And so we tried to go back to my old PC and it worked for a minute. It worked for a minute and then it stopped working again. So it's just time for some new equipment and it's just stressful. Of course we need new equipment right before Christmas. Yeah. Typical. It's fine. It's fine. Everything's fine. It's just a dumpster fire over here. But we still love you guys and we are ready to get the show on the road. Yes, we are. So I don't think we really have any business except for happy Thanksgiving. Happy Thanksgiving. Well, it's coming up. Yes. The week before Thanksgiving, happy belated Veterans Day. Yes, thank you to all our veterans who served. We are so thankful. We come from a sick family of veterans for sure. Yes, we do. Absolutely. And then happy Thanksgiving. Yeah. So this week we are doing a little bit of history. Yes. And it's not super dark but it's kind of dark because it was a very dark time I think in Oklahoma history. But to give us a little background information, or I guess I'm just going to come out, we're covering the Dust Bowl. Yeah. And how this all came about that we decided to cover it is my students started studying earth systems and kind of the jumping off point or the grab it and get them excited for it is it mentions the Dust Bowl. And 10, 11-year-olds, they really haven't learned about the Dust Bowl. They may have heard about it in passing but they don't really have any background knowledge of it because in fifth grade we start with the first colonies and then the big thing is the Revolutionary War and we end with westward expansion. So the Dust Bowl doesn't even come close to any of that. And so we started kind of talking about it and then come to find out, you know, when I started talking to them and I was like, well, my grandmother was kind of born in the middle of it and, you know, she's still alive and there's lots of people today who are still alive who were really a part of this who lived. And, you know, the after effects were felt for several years afterwards. And so they were all really kind of impressed to know that there are people out there and that this happened in our state. And so I thought it would be interesting if we covered it because it was kind of a dark period for our own state. It really was. And I knew, like, I know about the Dust Bowl. I've learned about it. I've read about it. But, like, digging deeper, there's so much that I feel like I didn't know. Exactly. I found out a lot of stuff that I didn't know. Like, first and foremost, it did not cover the entire state of Oklahoma. Right. And I was led to believe that it did. Yeah. And maybe not the entire state, but, like, at least half. Exactly. Or more than what actually covered. Right. When it might have only covered maybe a fourth of it. Maybe. Yeah. Right, right, right. So, Jess is going to start us off with some geographical history. Yes. Exactly what you and I need. So, real quick, my sources that I used were the Dirty 30s, A History of the Dust Bowl by Howard Brinkley, Little Known Tales in Oklahoma History by Alton Pryor, The Dust Bowl from the National Drought Mitigation Center from the University of Nebraska, Dust Bowl from Oklahoma Historical Society, and I did get some information of the Dust Bowl from Wikipedia. So, I'm just going to give, like, a little intro real quick. So, of all the droughts that have occurred in the United States, the drought of the 1930s is by far considered to be the, quote, drought of record for the nation. The Dust Bowl was the largest ecological disaster in the United States' history, coinciding with the nation's worst economic crisis, the Great Depression, of the 1930s. It's so insane that those, like, coincided with each other. Oh, yeah. The 1930s drought is often referred to as if it were only one event, but it was actually several distinct events happening in such rapid course that the affected regions were not able to recover sufficiently enough before another drought began. The term Dust Bowl was coined in 1935 when an AP reporter, Robert Geiger, used it to describe the drought-affected south central United States when he witnessed the horrific storms while he was in Boise City, Oklahoma, known as Black Sunday. So, getting into the geographic history. The term Dust Bowl originally referred to the geographical area affected by the dust. However, today it usually refers to the event itself. The term the Dirty 30s is also used. The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100 million acres of land that centered on the Texas Panhandle, Oklahoma Panhandle, adjacent sections of New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas. The Dust Bowl area lies mainly west of the 100th meridian on the high plains, characterized by plains that vary from rolling in the north to flat in the Llano Escondo, I think is how you say it. I don't know. I wrote out the pronunciation. Obviously, I didn't say it correctly. Llano Escondo. There we go. Elevations range from 2,500 feet in the east to 6,000 at the base of the Rocky Mountains. The area is semi-arid, getting less than 20 inches of rain annually. This rainfall supports the short grass prairie biome originally present in the area. The region is prone to extended drought, alternating with unusual precipitation of equivalent lengths. During the wet years, the rich soil provides abundant agricultural output, but crops fail during dry years. This region also suffers from high winds. And during early European and American exploration of the Great Plains, this region was actually thought to be unsuitable. Right. I remember reading that, too. And to help encourage settlement and development of the plains for agriculture, the federal government came up with the Homestead Act of 1862, offering settlers 150-acre plots. And with the end of the Civil War in 1865, the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869, waves of migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains and massively increased the acreage under cultivation. There would be more waves of people coming to the Great Plains that had been enticed by the federal government with the promise of more land at the beginning of the 20th century. The deceptively wet weather seemed to confirm that the quote-unquote formally semi-arid area would or could support large-scale agriculture. At the same time, technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and harvesting made it possible to operate large properties without increasing labor costs. The combined effects of World War I and the disruption of the Russian Revolution, which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops, increased agricultural prices. In other words, following the end of World War I, American farmers found themselves in the midst of an economic depression. Kooky enough, some of it was due to their own hard work because the more crops they produced, the lower the crop prices fell. This was great for consumers, but bad for the farmers. Kooky fact! Given that in the 1920s about 20% of Americans were farmers and just under half lived in rural areas, this impacted a large percentage of the nation. By 1918, prices for many crops dropped by as much as two-thirds, leaving farmers with less money to feed their families and pay down debts for their land or farming equipment purchased on credit when times were much better. Wheat actually had a better price even after the war, unlike corn or cotton. In the 1920s, due to the low crop prices and high machinery costs, more sub-marginal lands were put into production. Farmers had also started to abandon soil conservation practices. Unfortunately for farmers, the price of wheat was now on a steady decline in the mid-1920s. However, farmers continued to plant more and more wheat. Hello, old friend. As the prices fell, the farmers believed that they needed to plant more so that they could sell more. Who's going to buy it, though? By increasing cultivation and the agricultural methods farmers were using during this time period, it created conditions for large-scale erosion under certain environmental conditions. The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses that held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods, leaving loose topsoil. Cotton farmers were leaving bare fields during the winter when winds in the high plains are highest and would burn the stubble as a means to control weeds before planting, therefore depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation. That was part one of our section. Part two, I'm going to talk a little bit about the dust storms and the drought. The summer of 1931, the rain stopped and the Great Plains became a very dry place. This is basically, 1931 was kind of like the beginning of the Dust Bowl as we know it. The wheat fields withered and with nothing to protect a loose layer of topsoil from the high winds, the wheat was blown away and all that was left was bare, hard ground. I mentioned this earlier, but although the 1930s drought is often referred to as if it were one event, there were at least four distinct drought events that occurred in 1930 to 1931, 1934, 1936, and again in 1939 into 1940. With no significant rainfall for the past year, dust storms began to form by 1932. In the beginning, these storms were just more of an annoyance. The thick dust made it hard to see and everything was covered in dirt. School was actually canceled because it was too hard for the kids to see clearly enough to get there. Just like their houses, everything inside the schoolhouse was covered in dust and that dust is actually dirt. Here's a kooky fact. Eventually, the dust storms became such a normal everyday thing. Schools would actually stay open and the children just did their best that they could to make it there. Beginning on May 9, 1934, a strong two-day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plain topsoil in one of the worst storms of the Dust Bowl. The dust blew all the way to Chicago where they deposited 12 million pounds, that's 5,400 tons of dust. Just two days later, the same storm reached cities to the east like Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, New York, and Washington, D.C. That's insane. It's insane to think that. When you think about it this day, it can be in comparison. Remember this summer, there was those huge forest fires in Canada and we were getting the effects of it here. The crazy thing too is, I don't think I put it in here, but one winter, the storms were so bad, it snowed somewhere in the east and it was like red. It was like red snow. Oh my gosh, you would think the apocalypse was coming. That's spooky. I know. As the black clouds intensified, some people took to stuffing towels and rags in doorways and around windows to try to help keep the dust at bay. As the wind got more savage and the air remained hot, some people were hanging wet sheets on their porches at night to act as a primitive air conditioning system. By the time morning came around, the sheets would be caked in mud. That's insane. Dirt would be piled in doorways like snowdrifts and were so deep that the pile would be as high as the windowsills. There's some incredible pictures taken. Oh man. I know, we won't have any trouble getting photos for this. In order to get out the door, the front door, the people had to climb out the window and make their way through mounds of dirt just to get to the front door and then they would have to dig it out. Inside the house, the dust was so thick that you would need a shovel to clear the floor. One survivor of the Dust Bowl said that the only area around her that was not covered in dust was where her head had covered the pillow at night. 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