Electric Vehicle Electrical Safety Standards-audio

Electric vehicle (EV) safety is important for everyone, not just technicians. There are three levels of safety awareness: electrically aware person, high-voltage vehicle technician, and high-voltage vehicle and battery technician. Even low voltages can be life-threatening, especially AC currents. Arc flashes and blasts can reach extremely high temperatures and cause severe damage. EVs have safety systems like equipotential bonding and loss of isolation circuits to prevent accidents. Technicians must follow OEM procedures and wear specialized protective equipment. Lithium-ion batteries in EVs can pose risks due to their energy density and potential for thermal runaway. Welcome to our deep dive today. You shared the ARES-E electrified propulsion vehicles, XEV, high voltage electrical safety standards with us, and wanted to understand more. And this document is really geared towards service professionals working on EVs, but the insights here, I think, are relevant for anyone who might find themselves near an EV, whether you're driving one, charging one, or just happen to be nearby in an emergency situation. That's right. Electric vehicles are becoming more and more common these days, and understanding the safety aspects of these vehicles is crucial for everyone, not just the technicians. Absolutely. So let's jump right in. This document outlines three levels of XEV safety awareness. Level one is called electrically aware person, which honestly, we should probably all strive to be right. Yeah, you're not wrong. What's interesting about that is that level one isn't about fixing EVs. It's about having a basic understanding of the risks involved, even if you're just a driver or a passenger. So things like knowing not to touch exposed wires or poke around the charging port with a metal object. Precisely. You got it. It's about recognizing potential hazards and knowing how to stay safe around EVs. Level two is the high-voltage vehicle technician, so someone trained to work on these electrical systems. They need to know how to isolate high-voltage components, use specialized tools, and, well, not get electrocuted. Right. And then there's level three, the high-voltage vehicle and battery technician, which the document says is still being defined. Yeah. Sounds a bit mysterious, almost like they're preparing for some futuristic level of EV technology. Yeah, it does make you wonder what advancements they're anticipating. Right. But for now, let's focus on what we do know. OK. And one thing that really jumps out from this document is the emphasis on electric shock risk. OK. You might think it's only the high-voltage systems that are dangerous. Right. But even 30 volts can be fatal. Oh, wow. That's a surprise, for sure. Yeah. You hear about high-voltage being dangerous, but I don't think most people would consider 30 volts to be life-threatening. Yeah, it's a common misconception. And to make it even more complex, AC and DC currents affect the body differently. For instance, AC current, the kind you get from your household outlets can actually be more dangerous at lower voltages. OK, so why is that? Well, it has to do with the way AC current cycles. Imagine it like a wave constantly changing direction. This can cause your muscles to seize up, making it impossible to let go of the live wire. That's why even a relatively low AC voltage can be deadly. Wow. That's a chilling thought. And speaking of chilling, the document has this table showing the effects of different current levels on the human body. We're talking tingling at the low end, all the way up to cardiac arrest and severe burns at the high end. It really drives home the point that electricity, even at seemingly low levels, is a force to be reckoned with. Absolutely. It's about respecting the power of electricity and taking the necessary precautions. Yeah. And speaking of serious risks, the document also highlights another hazard you might not be aware of, arc flash and arc blast. Imagine it like an explosion of electrical energy. OK, I'm intrigued and slightly scared. Tell me more about this explosion. What exactly happens? An arc flash occurs when electricity jumps between two conductors, or from a conductor to the ground. The temperature generated during an arc flash can reach a staggering 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit. To put that into perspective, that's six times hotter than the surface of the sun. Six times hotter than the sun. Wow. So we're not just talking about a little spark here. No. This sounds incredibly dangerous. What kind of damage can it cause? You're right to be concerned. It's not just the intense heat that's dangerous. Arc flashes also create a pressure wave called an arc blast, which can throw debris, molten metal, and even the person working on the system across a room. And the intense light and sound generated can cause blindness and hearing damage. Oh my gosh. This is some serious stuff. And you mentioned molten metal. Does that mean arc flashes are a concern specifically with EVs? Well, it's a concern with any electrical system. But EVs, with their high voltage components, present a unique set of challenges. The Department of Energy has actually expressed particular concern about battery fires as a major hazard associated with EVs. Wow. And this brings us to a key point. EVs have numerous safety systems designed to prevent these dangerous events from happening in the first place. OK. Let's dive into those. What kind of safety features are we talking about? Well, two important systems stand out. The equipotential bonding line and the loss of isolation circuit. The equipotential bonding line acts like a safety net. It connects all the high voltage components to the vehicle's chassis ground. So if there's a difference in voltage between these components? Exactly. It triggers a safety system to isolate the fault and prevent shocks or arcs. Think of it like a circuit breaker in your home. If there's a surge of electricity, the breaker trips to protect your wiring and appliances. Right. The equipotential bonding line does a similar thing for the EV's high voltage system. So it's constantly monitoring for any imbalances that could lead to a problem. Right. What about the loss of isolation circuit? This one is all about maintaining a safe barrier between the high voltage system and the rest of the vehicle. It's designed to detect when the insulation that separates these systems is compromised. OK. So imagine a wire with damaged insulation. Right. That could be a recipe for disaster. Absolutely. A damaged wire could expose the high voltage to the vehicle's chassis or even to someone touching the car. Right. The loss of isolation circuit is designed to catch that kind of fault before it can cause harm. So it's like an early warning system constantly checking for any breaches in the insulation. Exactly. And if it detects a problem, it triggers a warning light and stores a diagnostic code letting the technician know there's a potential safety issue that needs to be addressed immediately. Wow. It sounds like they've really thought this through. They have. Building in multiple layers of protection to keep things safe. They have. But even with all these safety systems in place, it's crucial to remember that working on high voltage systems is incredibly dangerous and should only be done by qualified technicians with the proper training and equipment. Absolutely. That brings us to another critical aspect of EV safety, the procedures and precautions that technicians must follow when working on these vehicles. Absolutely. We're talking about a whole different level of caution compared to working on traditional gas-powered vehicles. Right. The document really emphasizes the importance of following OEM, or Original Equipment Manufacturer, procedures to the letter. There's no room for shortcuts or guesswork when dealing with high voltage. One procedure that caught my eye was the Live Dead Live test, which is basically a double check to make sure a system is truly de-energized before anyone starts working on it. Yeah, it's a critical step. Imagine thinking a system is off when it's not. The consequences could be fatal. The Live Dead Live test involves verifying the absence of voltage using a specialized meter not once, but twice before and after disconnecting the high voltage system. So it's like the old saying, measure twice, cut once, but with way higher stakes. Exactly. And that brings us to the essential equipment that technicians need to work on EVs safely, starting with Personal Protective Equipment, or PPE. And we're not talking about your average hard hat and work boots here. This is specialized gear designed to protect against the unique hazards of high voltage. You're right. The document is very specific about the types of PPE required. We're talking about Class 0 gloves, which provide the highest level of insulation, along with leather overgloves, for added protection against cuts and abrasions. And then there are the safety glasses, face shields, and even specialized footwear, designed to prevent electrical current from passing through the body. And get this, the gloves need to be tested every six months to ensure they still provide adequate protection. Wow. Clearly, they don't take any chances when it comes to safety. It makes sense, considering what we've learned about the dangers of electric shock and arc flash. It's not worth risking your life for a faulty pair of gloves. Absolutely. And it's not just gloves. The document also mentions the need for arc-rated flame-resistant clothing to protect against the intense heat and flames of an arc flash. They even specifically warn against wearing polyester blends, which can melt and stick to the skin in the event of an arc flash. So no stylish polyester shirts allowed in the EV repair shop. Right. Safety over fashion, in this case, for sure. Absolutely. Now let's talk about another crucial piece of the safety puzzle, the lithium-ion battery. It's the heart of the EV, but it also presents some unique safety challenges. Right. We've touched on the fire risk, but I'm curious to learn more about what makes these batteries potentially dangerous. Well, lithium-ion batteries are incredibly energy-dense, meaning they pack a lot of power into a relatively small package. But this also means they have the potential to release that energy very quickly, which is what can lead to a phenomenon called thermal runaway. Thermal runaway, that sounds ominous. What exactly does that mean? It's basically a chain reaction where the heat generated within a battery cell causes the temperature to rise uncontrollably. Imagine a domino effect, but with heat instead of dominoes. OK, I'm starting to see where this is going. And once this chain reaction starts. It can be very difficult to stop. It can ultimately lead to fire or even an explosion. So it's not just a simple fire. It's a runaway fire that's incredibly difficult to extinguish. And that's why we hear about those EV fires that burn for hours, even days sometimes. Exactly. Extinguishing a lithium-ion battery fire requires specialized techniques and equipment. That's why it's so important for EV manufacturers to design battery packs with multiple layers of safety features to prevent thermal runaway from happening in the first place. What kind of safety measures are built into these battery packs? I'm imagining some seriously high-tech solutions to keep these potentially volatile energy sources in check. You're right, we're talking about sophisticated engineering here. One key component is the battery management system, or BMS. OK, tell me more about this BMS. What does it do? The BMS is like the brain of the battery pack. It constantly monitors the temperature and voltage of each individual cell within the battery. It can also control the charging and discharging process to optimize performance and prevent damage to the cells. So it's like having a personal bodyguard for each battery cell, making sure everything is operating within safe parameters. That's a great analogy. And in addition to the BMS, EV battery packs are designed with other safety features, like cooling systems, to prevent overheating and robust casings to protect the battery from physical damage. So it's like they've built a fortress around this potentially volatile energy source. Right. But even with all these precautions, there are still risks, right? There are. And one risk that's particularly concerning is the danger of stranded energy after an accident. Stranded energy, what does that refer to? It's the energy that might still be stored in the battery or capacitors even after the vehicle has been shut down. It's like a hidden reservoir of power that could pose a serious risk to first responders who might not be aware of the potential for high voltage. So even if an EV looks like it's completely disabled after an accident, there could still be this invisible danger lurking within. That's exactly right. And that's why it's so important for first responders to be trained in how to safely handle EVs and high voltage components, even in situations where there's no obvious sign of danger. It sounds like handling EVs after an accident requires a whole new level of awareness and caution. And speaking of caution, I was particularly struck by the document's description of the color coding system for high voltage cables. Orange, as I recall. It's like the universal sign for danger, isn't it? It certainly is. And in the world of EVs, orange cables mean one thing, stay away unless you know exactly what you're doing. Yeah. The document is very clear that piercing or cutting these orange cables is a big no-no. And for good reason. It can disable the system and create a dangerous short circuit. Technicians are trained to use insulated tools and avoid back probing connectors to prevent any accidental contact with high voltage. So it's clear that working on EVs requires a whole different level of caution and expertise compared to traditional gas-powered vehicles. And this brings us to the last section of the document, which focuses on shop safety and employer responsibilities. Right. This is where we see all the pieces coming together to create a safe working environment for EV technicians. And it's not just about protecting the technicians. It's about protecting everyone who might be in or around the shop. Customers, visitors, even delivery drivers. Absolutely. The document outlines specific requirements for a safe EV workspace. And it goes beyond just having the right tools and equipment. It's about creating a culture of safety where everyone understands the risks and takes responsibility for their actions. Okay, so what kind of requirements are we talking about? Well, for starters, adequate lighting is crucial. You need to be able to see what you're doing, especially when working with small, potentially dangerous components. Then there's restricted access. Not just anyone should be able to wander into an area where high voltage work is being done. So think clear signage, locked doors, maybe even security cameras to monitor who's coming and going. Exactly. And of course there are requirements for specialized equipment, like high voltage insulation testers and safety disconnect switches. These are essential tools for ensuring that the work environment is as safe as possible. It's fascinating to see how this document addresses not just the technical aspects of EV safety, but also the human element and the importance of a culture of safety in the workplace. It's like they've created a roadmap for establishing a safe and responsible EV repair ecosystem. They have. And that roadmap includes a strong emphasis on training and documentation. Right. You can't just hand someone a set of insulated gloves and say, go fix that EV. There's a lot of specialized knowledge that needs to be acquired before anyone can safely work on these vehicles. That's absolutely right. The document stresses the need for employers to verify their technicians' skills and knowledge. This includes not only initial training, but also ongoing education to keep up with the latest advancements in EV technology. It makes sense. Technology is constantly evolving, so the training needs to evolve as well. And what about emergency preparedness? It seems like there's a whole different set of protocols for dealing with an electrical emergency compared to, say, a fire caused by gasoline. You're absolutely right. The document specifically mentions the need for emergency response training and equipment in case of electrocution or fire. So we're talking about things like specialized fire extinguishers designed for electrical fires, non-conductive rescue hooks for safely removing someone from contact with high voltage, and of course, having a clear emergency response plan in place. Exactly. And just as important as the equipment is the training, everyone in the shop, from the technicians to the office staff, needs to know what to do in an emergency, who to call where the safety equipment is located, and how to administer first aid until professional help arrives. It sounds like they've really covered all the bases here. Yeah. This document is incredibly comprehensive. It's clear that safety is paramount when it comes to working on EVs. It is. The emphasis on safety extends beyond the repair shop. Right. We've talked about technicians and first responders, but what about everyday drivers and passengers? What can they do to stay safe around EVs? That's a great question, and it's something we'll dive into in more detail in the next part of our deep dive. But for now, I think the key takeaway for anyone interacting with EVs is awareness, be aware of the potential hazards, know your vehicle's safety features, and follow the manufacturer's recommendations for charging and operation. Sounds like a plan. Yeah. I'm definitely looking forward to learning more in the next part of our deep dive. Until then, drive safe, charge smart, and stay curious. It really is fascinating to see how this whole EV ecosystem is evolving, with safety being a key driver of innovation. And as we delve deeper into this document, it becomes clear that it's not just about reacting to hazards. It's about proactively anticipating and mitigating them. That's a good point. It's like they're playing chess, thinking several moves ahead. To make sure that every aspect of EV design manufacturing and maintenance is as safe as possible. Exactly. And one of the ways they're doing that is by establishing clear standards and guidelines for the tools and equipment used to work on EVs. Right. We talked about personal protective equipment, but there's a whole other world of specialized tools that are essential for safely working on these high voltage systems. Absolutely. Beyond the safety gear, we're talking about insulated wrenches and screwdrivers, high voltage meters with non-conductive probes, and even specialized tools for working with battery packs, like battery section balancing tools. Battery section balancing tool. What are those for? It sounds like something out of a science fiction movie. It might sound futuristic, but it's a very real and important part of maintaining EV battery health. As we discussed, EV batteries are made up of multiple modules or cells, and to ensure optimal performance and longevity, it's important that all of these cells have a similar state of charge. If one cell is significantly out of balance with the others, it can lead to reduced battery life performance issues and even safety risks. So it's like making sure all the cylinders in an engine are firing at the same time. Yeah. If one cylinder is lagging, the whole engine won't run smoothly. That's a great analogy. A battery section balancing tool allows the technician to check the state of charge of each cell and then balance them out if necessary. It's a crucial part of preventative maintenance for EVs. So it's not just about fixing things when they break, it's about maintaining the battery pack and preventing problems in the first place. Precisely, and that preventative approach is a recurring theme throughout this document. It emphasizes the need for a deep understanding of how these complex systems work, not just knowing how to replace a part. It's like they're saying, don't just treat the symptoms, understand the root cause. Right. And that makes a lot of sense. With a system as complex as an EV, you can't just slap a Band-Aid on it and hope for the best. Exactly, and that level of understanding requires specialized training and ongoing education. The EV industry is constantly evolving with new technologies and advancements emerging all the time. Speaking of industry standards, the document mentions the SAE, the Society of Automotive Engineers. They seem to play a big role in setting standards and best practices for EVs. They are a leading organization in the automotive industry, and they've been heavily involved in developing standards for electric vehicles, from terminology and labeling to safety procedures for technicians and first responders. In fact, many of the safety protocols outlined in this document are based on SAE standards. So it's a collaborative effort with industry experts working together to make sure that EVs are as safe as possible for everyone involved. Right. For the people designing and building them, to the technicians servicing them, and the drivers and passengers using them every day. Absolutely, and that collaborative spirit is essential because as EVs become more prevalent on our roads, the need for clear communication and shared knowledge about safety practices will only increase. And speaking of the evolving EV landscape, one thing that keeps coming up is the trend towards higher voltage systems. We talked about how even 30 volts can be dangerous. So I can only imagine how the risks escalate as voltages increase. Yeah, that's a valid concern. Higher voltage systems, while offering advantages like faster charging and potentially longer range, also amplify the risks associated with electric shock and arc flash. So the stakes are getting higher, literally. They are, and it underscores the need for ongoing research development and training to ensure that everyone interacting with these high voltage systems can do so safely. You know, it's interesting to think about how the safety considerations for EVs differ from those for traditional gas-powered vehicles. With gas cars, you have the obvious risks of fire and explosion for the fuel. But with EVs, it seems like the dangers are more subtle, more hidden. That's a good observation. With gas cars, the dangers are more visible, more immediate. You can see the flames smell the gasoline. But with EVs, the hazards are often invisible, lurking within the electrical system, waiting for a moment of carelessness or a breach in safety protocols to unleash their destructive power. And that makes it even more important to be informed to understand the risks and to take the necessary precautions. Exactly, and that brings us back to the importance of resources like this ASC document. It provides a valuable roadmap for navigating the complexities of EV safety. It really has opened my eyes to the depth and breadth of safety considerations involved with EVs. It's so much more than just avoiding a shock. It's about understanding the intricate interplay of electrical systems, battery technology, human behavior, and a commitment to continuous learning and improvement. It really is. And one area that really highlights the complarity of EV safety is the lithium-ion battery. We've touched on the fire risk and thermal runaway, but I think it's worth digging a little deeper into the safety measures that have been developed to address these concerns. Absolutely. Those batteries are clearly at the heart of both the promise and the peril of EVs. They offer incredible performance and efficiency, but they also demand a great deal of respect and caution when it comes to safety. You're right. And that respect starts with understanding how these batteries work and the potential hazards they present. We talked about thermal runaway, which is essentially a catastrophic failure of the battery. But before we get to that point, there are a number of warning signs and safety mechanisms in place to prevent things from escalating to that level. So it's not like the battery just suddenly bursts into flames without any warning? Not at all. There are usually a number of precursors to thermal runaway things like excessive heat swelling of the battery pack, unusual odors, or strange noises coming from the battery. These are all signs that something is amiss and that the battery needs to be inspected by a qualified technician. So it's important for EV owners to be aware of these warning signs and to take their vehicle to a qualified mechanic if they notice anything unusual. Absolutely. Early detection is key to preventing a potentially dangerous situation. And that's where the battery management system, or BMS, that we talked about earlier, plays a crucial role. Right, the BMS. It's like the guardian angel of the battery pack, constantly monitoring for any signs of trouble. Exactly. The BMS is constantly measuring the voltage and temperature of each cell in the battery pack, looking for any imbalances or anomalies that could indicate a problem. And if it detects something out of the ordinary, it can take corrective action, such as reducing the charging or discharging current to prevent damage to the battery. So it's like having a built-in safety net that's always on the lookout for potential hazards. That's a good way to put it. And in addition to the BMS, EV battery packs are designed with a number of other safety features to prevent thermal runaway and protect against fire. Like the cooling systems we talked about earlier. Exactly. Cooling systems play a critical role in maintaining the optimal operating temperature for the battery pack. They can be either liquid cooled or air cooled. And they're designed to dissipate heat generated during charging and discharging, preventing the battery from getting too hot. So it's like having a miniature air conditioner for the battery pack. And what about physical protection? Those battery packs are pretty hefty, but I imagine they could still be vulnerable to damage in an accident. You're right. And that's why battery packs are typically encased in robust metal housings designed to withstand impacts and protect the delicate cells inside. These casings are often reinforced with structural members to further enhance their strength and rigidity. So it's like they've built a vault around the battery to keep it safe from harm. And on top of all that, there's the BMS constantly monitoring for any signs of trouble. It seems like they've really thought of everything to make these batteries as safe as possible. They have. And that's a testament to the engineering ingenuity that's going into the development of EVs. But even with all these safety measures in place, it's important to remember that lithium-ion batteries are still complex and potentially hazardous components that require careful handling and respect. Absolutely. And that respect extends beyond the design and manufacturing of the batteries to their end-of-life management. We've been focusing on the immediate safety risks, but what about the bigger picture, the environmental impact of these batteries? That's a critical point. Lithium-ion batteries have a significant environmental footprint, both in terms of the resources required to manufacture them and the challenges associated with recycling and disposal. The document mentioned the potential for toxic releases during a fire or explosion. That sounds pretty scary. It is a concern. Lithium-ion batteries contain a variety of materials, some of which can be harmful if released into the environment. For example, the electrolyte, which is the liquid that allows ions to flow between the battery's electrodes, can be flammable and toxic. And if the battery is damaged in a fire, these materials can be released into the air and soil. So it's not just the fire itself that's a danger, it's the potential for environmental contamination as well. Exactly. And even beyond those extreme events, there are concerns about the long-term environmental impact of mining the materials needed for batteries and disposing of them at the end of their life cycle. I've heard about the challenges associated with cobalt mining, for example. It's a key ingredient in many lithium-ion batteries, but the mining process can be very harmful to the environment and to the workers involved. That's right. Cobalt is often mined in countries with lax environmental and labor regulations, and the mining process can result in deforestation, water pollution, and human rights abuses. It's a complex issue with no easy solutions. So the sustainability of EVs is closely intertwined with the safety of their batteries. It's not just about preventing fires and explosions, it's about ensuring that these batteries are manufactured, used, and recycled in a way that minimizes their impact on the environment and on human health. Absolutely. And that's why there's so much research and development going into finding more sustainable battery chemistries and recycling processes. Scientists and engineers are working on developing batteries that use less cobalt and other critical materials, and they're exploring new ways to recycle and repurpose old batteries to minimize waste and reduce the need for new mining. It's encouraging to hear that there's so much effort going into making EVs more sustainable. It's a reminder that progress often comes with new challenges, and that solving those challenges requires a holistic approach that considers the entire life cycle of a product from cradle to grave. It does. And it underscores the importance of continuing to ask questions, explore new solutions, and collaborate across disciplines to ensure that the transition to electric vehicles is both safe and sustainable for the long term. You know, it's amazing to think about how much we've learned just from diving into this one document. It's like a window into the future of transportation and all the complexities that come with it. It really is. And it highlights the fact that safety isn't just a set of rules or procedures. It's an ongoing conversation and a commitment to continuous improvement. It's about recognizing that we're all part of this journey and that we have a shared responsibility to make it as safe and sustainable as possible. Well said. And as EV technology continues to evolve, that sense of shared responsibility will become even more important. We'll need to work together to address the challenges, embrace the opportunities, and ensure that the electric vehicle revolution benefits everyone. It's a fascinating and challenging time to be involved in the automotive industry. And it's clear that the future of transportation will be shaped by our ability to innovate, collaborate, and prioritize safety and sustainability above all else. And that's a great segue to our next segment, where we'll explore some of the emerging trends and challenges facing the EV industry and what they mean for the future of transportation. I'm looking forward to that discussion. But first, let's take a quick break. And when we come back, we'll delve deeper into the evolving landscape of EV safety and what it means for you. Okay, so we've covered a lot of ground from the nitty gritty of high voltage systems to the big picture issues of sustainability and the future of transportation. We have. And it's clear that EV safety is a multifaceted issue that touches on so many different aspects of our lives. Right. From the cars we drive to the infrastructure that supports them. Absolutely. And I think it's important to remember that while there are risks associated with EVs, just like with any technology. Sure. There are also tremendous benefits. That's right. EVs offer the potential for reduced emissions, quieter cities, and a more sustainable transportation system. But to fully realize those benefits, we need to ensure that safety remains a top priority. And that brings us back to the question of what this all means for our listeners, for everyday people, who may not be mechanics or engineers. Right. But who are increasingly interacting with EVs in their daily lives. Well, I think the most important takeaway is awareness. Okay. It's about understanding that EVs, while becoming more commonplace, do present unique safety considerations that we all need to be mindful of. So it's not about being afraid of EVs. It's about respecting the power of electricity and understanding how to interact with these vehicles safely. Exactly. For example, if you're an EV driver, be sure to familiarize yourself with your vehicle's safety features and charging procedures. Know where the manual release for the charging cable is located in case of an emergency. And understand how to use the various safety systems built into your car. And what about charging at home? Are there any safety tips for EV owners who are charging their vehicles overnight? Absolutely. Always use a charging cable and adapter that are specifically designed for your vehicle. Don't use extension cords or adapters that are not rated for the amperage required by your EV charger. And be sure to inspect your charging cable regularly for any signs of damage like fraying or exposed wires. So it's kind of like treating your EV charging cable with the same care you would treat any other electrical appliance in your home. Exactly. Respect the power of electricity and don't take any shortcuts when it comes to safety. And speaking of safety, let's talk about what to do in case of an accident involving an EV. This is an area where awareness is especially crucial, not only for drivers and passengers, but also for first responders. Right. We touched on the danger of stranded energy after an accident. Even if an EV appears to be disabled, there could still be high voltage present in the battery or other components. That's right. And that's why it's so important for first responders to be trained in how to safely approach and handle EVs involved in accidents. They need to know how to identify high voltage components, how to de-energize the system if necessary, and how to extricate passengers safely without putting themselves at risk. So if you're ever in an accident involving an EV, make sure to inform the first responders that it's an electric vehicle so they can take the appropriate precautions. Absolutely. And for drivers and passengers, the most important thing is to remain calm and follow the instructions of the first responders. Don't attempt to touch or move any high voltage components yourself and wait for trained professionals to assess the situation. So in an emergency situation, awareness and communication are key. They are. And that brings us back to the broader theme of this deep dive, the need for ongoing education and knowledge sharing when it comes to EV safety. Right. It's clear that this is a rapidly evolving field and as EVs become more prevalent on our roads, we'll need to continue to learn, adapt and share information to ensure that everyone can interact with these vehicles safely and responsibly. Exactly. Knowledge is power, especially when it comes to electricity. The more we understand about EVs, the better equipped we'll be to harness their potential while minimizing the risks. Well said. And on that note, I think we've reached the end of our deep dive into electric vehicle safety. We've covered a lot of ground today, from the technical details of high voltage systems to the human factors involved in creating a culture of safety. We have, and I hope our listeners have come away with a deeper understanding of the complexities and considerations surrounding this exciting and rapidly evolving technology. I hope so too. And as we move forward into the electric future, let's remember to keep safety at the forefront of our minds, embracing the promise of EVs while remaining mindful of the responsibility that comes with it. Absolutely. Drive safe, charge smart and stay curious. Until next time.